改革开放四十年:我国高等教育改革发展的基本脉络

以改革开放以来四次全国教育工作会议的召开及四个重要文件的颁布为标志,四十年中国高等教育改革发展划分为四个阶段:1978-1992年的改革启动期,主题是体制改革,主要措施包括明确三级办学体制、下放高等教育自主权、改革高校招生和毕业生分配制度、试行校长负责制;1992-1999年的改革探索期,主题是市场化改革,主要措施包括民办高等教育的兴起、部委院校的划转调整、校办产业和后勤社会化改革、学生收费制度建立和"211工程";1999-2010年的改革深化期,主题是素质教育,主要措施包括文化素质教育、高校扩招、本科教学质量工程和"985工程";2010年至今的综合改革期,主题是全面质量提升,主要措施包括创新创业教育的推进、地方本科院校转型发展和"双一流"建设的实施。改革开放四十年来,中国高等教育得到大发展、体制改革取得突破性进展、服务社会的能力显著增强,但也还存在着投入不够、水平不高、改革不到位等不足。新时代高等教育改革发展的任务更加艰巨,应以提高质量为战略主题、以促进公平为基本要求、以优化结构为主攻方向、以深化改革为根本动力。

An Outline of the Reform and Development of China's Higher Education in the Context of Forty Years of Reform and Opening-up

Marked by the convening of four national education work conferences and the promulgation of four important documents since the reform and opening-up,the reform and development of China's higher education in the past forty years is divided into four different stages.The first stage is the start-up period of the reform from 1978 to 1992,in which the theme is system reform,and the main measures include clarifying the three-level school-running system,delegating higher education autonomy,reforming the college enrollment plan and the graduate distribution system,and the trial president responsibility system.The second stage is the period of reform exploration from 1992 to 1999,in which the theme was market-oriented reform and mechanism adjustment.The main measures include the rise of private higher education,the transfer and adjustment of colleges and universities affiliated with ministries and commissions,the socialization of school-run industries and logistics,and the establishment of the student charge system and “Project 211”;the third stage is the reform-deepening period from 1999 to 2010,in which the theme is quality education,and the main measures include cultural quality education,college enrollment expansion,undergraduate teaching quality project and the “Project 985”;The fourth stage is the comprehensive reform period from 2010 to now,in which the theme is to improve the overall quality,and the main measures include the promotion of innovation and entrepreneurship education,the transformation and development of local universities and colleges and the implementation of “double first-class” construction.Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up,the higher education in China has been greatly developed,breakthroughs have been made in system reforms,and the ability to serve the society has been significantly enhanced.However,there are still some deficiencies,such as insufficient investment,low-level operation and insufficient reform.We should take quality improvement as the strategic theme,fairness promotion as the basic requirement,structure optimization as the main direction and reform deepening as the fundamental driving force,to fulfill the more arduous task of reforming and developing higher education in the new era.