Immersive virtual field trips in education: A mixed-methods study on elementary students' presence and perceived learning

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of immersive virtual field trips (VFTs) with head-mounted displays (HMDs) on the presence and perceived learning. A mixed-method approach was used to obtain an overall understanding of students' experiences with this immersive technology in an elementary classroom. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 27 elementary-school students through presence surveys and reflection papers. Statistical analyses were performed to compare immersive VFTs with traditional VFTs regarding students' virtual presence. Further, an inductive content analysis was performed to analyze reflection papers. The results showed an overall enhancement in virtual presence with the use of immersive VFTs. However, students felt that learning was not favorable with HMDs. The result of this study provides practical implications for the use of immersive VFTs in classroom settings.