我国男生引体向上“零”分探因:基于三角互证的研究策略

我国多数男生引体向上得"零"分，使上肢力量测评出现"地板效应"。采用量化研究和质性研究两种范式提高研究效度。量化研究对学生体质与健康调研数据和监测数据进行方差分析、多重比较和回归分析，结果表明：（1）每5~10年，男生的握力、体重、身高、BMI、引体向上均值差异显著；（2）年龄、握力、体重、身高、BMI分别显著预测引体向上成绩，体重和握力是影响我国男生引体向上成绩的主要影响因素。质性研究结果表明，引体向上"零"分主要有四个方面的原因：体重增长难挡，力量增长受限，个体认知偏差，社会支持薄弱。结论：我国男生引体向上"零"分的首要原因是体重增长较快，其次，主要肌群绝对力量和耐力增长不足，男生对引体向上的认知有偏差，学校、家长、社会支持较弱；借助政策控制体重、发展肌力、完善测评标准、促进男生积极练习引体向上十分重要。

“Zero” Points Reason of Chinese Male Students' Pull-ups:Based on Research Strategy of Triangulation

Most of the boys in China have a "zero" score in the pull-ups, which makes the "floor effect" of the upper body strength evaluation. Two paradigms of quantitative research and qualitative research were adopted to improve research validity. The analysis of variance and multiple comparisons and regression equation was adopted basing on the physique and health survey data and monitoring data of students, the result showed:(1) The difference was significant in grip, weight, height, BMI and pull-up average of boys in per 5-10 years.(2) The significant predictors of pull-up were age, grip, weight, height and BMI, among them, the weight and grip were the main reasons. The qualitative research results showed that unstoppable weight growth, limited power growth, individual cognitive bias, and weak social support for the "zero" score were four main reasons. The primary reason for the "zero" score were the weight grow faster, then the main muscles,absolute strength and endurance growth were insufficient and the males, cognitive bias and the school, parents, and social support were weak. It was necessary to use policies to control weight, develop muscle strength, improve evaluation standards, and promote male students to actively practice pull-ups.