明代治理黄运思想的变迁及其背景--读明代三部治河书体会

明代是黄河多患时期,276年内无有间歇。如以16世纪为界,分为前后两期,前期河患多在河南境内,故成灾的地域大;后期河患多发生在山东、江苏境内,成灾的地域相对为小。前后期治河思想和措施也有所不同。这种不同是由明代治河是为保运、护陵的目的所决定的。从明代刘天和《问水集》、万恭《治水筌蹄》、潘季驯《河防一览》三部治河书中可以看出治理黄运思想从治水防洪、治河通运———河运合一、以河治河———筑堤束水、以水攻沙的变化,是我国治黄史上治河思想的转折时期。

Evolution of the Ming Dynasty's Conception of Administering Transportation on the Huanghe River and the Relative Background Accounts--The Author's Impression from the Three Works on Harnessing the Huanghe River in the Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was a period of time when the Huanghe River was frequently disastrous, with an interval as long as 276 years. Take the 16th century for instance. In the first half of the century, calamities rose mostly in the domain of Henan, hence a vast floodstricken area while, in the second, floods occurred mostly in Shandong and Jiangsu, resulting in a less vast flood-stricken area. Moreover, the government had different frameworks of harnessing the Huanghe River and took different measures in different periods of time. The Ming Dynasty tamed the River first to assure transportation and then to protect the imperial mausoleum. The three works of harnessing the Huanghe River, Collections of Questioning the Water by Liu Tianhe, A Glimpse of Harnessing the River by Wan Gong and A Survey of the River Defense Working by Pan Jixun, show a trajetory of changes of the Dynasty's ideas of harnessing the Huanghe River, from diversing the riverwaters to prevent flood so as to control the River and transportation as one to building dams to control the water so as to harness the River for the River and finally to attacking sand with water. All this marked a time of transition of the framework of harnessing the Huanghe River in our history.