郑观应国防思想初探

19世纪以来，列强入侵中国日益严重，而清政府在政治、经济、外交、军事等方面都处于劣势。为拯救民族危亡，郑观应从诸方面提出了改革设想，加强国防即其改革思想的重要内容。其加强国防的构想不仅体现了时代的要求，也为清末的军事改革奠定了基础：

An Exploration of the National Defense Thinking of Zheng Guanying

Since the 19th century, the invasion of western powers into China was becoming increasingly grim, while the Qing government was at a disadvantage in aspects of politics, economy, diplomacy and military power. In order to save the Chinese nation from danger and extinction, Zheng Guanying put forward various reform conceptions, of which strengthening national defense is an important part. His ideas of strengthening national defense not only conformed to the demands of the time, but also laid the foundation for the military reform in the late Qing period.