乒乓球运动员膝关节损伤机制研究——对3种常用步法的膝关节负荷特征分析

目的:了解不同性别乒乓球运动员完成并步、跳步、跨步3种常用步法时膝关节的负荷特征,并探析乒乓球运动员膝关节的损伤机制。方法:对乒乓球男、女各10名运动员完成3种常用步法动作时的下肢运动学、动力学数据进行采集和处理,并运用方差分析法比较不同性别、不同技术之间的差异。结果:受试者在完成3种步法过程中,膝关节屈角大致范围在20°~60°。当地面反作用力最大时,女运动员比男运动员表现出更小的外展角(P<0.05),跳步比并步和跨步表现出更小的外展角(P<0.05);在三维受力方面,膝关节受到垂直方向上的力最大,水平向后和向左的力次之,未表现出显著的性别差异和技术差异;在三维力矩方面,膝关节受到的伸膝力矩较大,也未表现出显著的性别差异和技术差异。结论:膝关节屈曲状态下,较大的地面反作用力和膝关节外展角易导致乒乓球运动员前交叉韧带损伤,女运动员的损伤风险小于男运动员,跳步的损伤风险小于并步和跨步;水平向后和向左的力易造成乒乓球运动员软骨和半月板损伤;过大的伸膝力矩易导致乒乓球运动员髌腱末端病和髌骨软化。

Study on the Mechanism of Knee Joint Injury About Table Tennis Players--Load Characteristics Analysis of Knee Movement by Three Commonly Used Pace

Objective:To understand the load characteristics of common pace in table tennis and explore the causes of knee injury of table tennis players.Methods:The kinematics and dynamics data of 20 table tennis players were collected and processed and three common footwork movements were completed.And variance analysis was used to compare the differences between different genders and different technologies.Results:When players were completing the three paces,the knee flexion Angle of the subject was approximately in the range of 20°~60°.When the surface reaction force was the largest,the female athletes showed a smaller abduction angle than the male athletes(P<0.05),and the jump showed a smaller abduction angle than the parallel and stride(P<0.05).In terms of three-dimensional force,the knee joint was subjected to the largest vertical force,followed by the horizontal backward and left force,showing no significant gender difference or technical difference.In terms of three-dimensional torque,the knee joint was subjected to a larger knee extension torque,and there was no significant gender difference or technical difference.Conclusions:In the condition of knee flexion,the greater ground reaction force and knee abduction angle are likely to lead to the injury of ACL in athletes,and the injury risk of ACL in female or jump pace was less;and there was a certain horizontal backward and left force,which is easy to cause cartilage and meniscus damage;excessive knee stretching torque could easily lead to patellar tendon terminal disease and patellar softening in athletes.