私塾与学堂：清末民初教育的二元结构

中国近代教育体制在社会转型过程中呈现一种新旧并存的二元格局，新因式小学堂与私塾在新旧教育体系中均具有一定的代表性，故这一格局在初等教育领域里的表现尤为明显，清末民初，私塾仍占有相当比较，非学堂所能取而代之，学堂取代私塾虽是大势所趋，但私熟顽的社会适应性与学堂教育的不成熟使二者既存在冲突与竞争，又存在互补与传承，这在很大程度上反映了中国教育近代化的特点，也从一个侧面反映了辛亥革命前后的社会环境。

Si Shu and Xue Tang: Dualistic Educational Structure at the beginning of the 20th Century

There exists a dualistic structure of the old and the new in modern China's education system in the course of social change, which is obvious in the elementary education for Xue Tang and Si Shu are representative in the new and the old systems respectively. at the Beginning of the 20th Century, Xue Tang cannot replace Si Shu, which is still in large proportion, althongh the replacement is the genereal trend. Because of the adaptability of Si Shu and the immaturity of Xue Tang, there exist between the two conflict and competition, and complementarity and inheritance as well. It reflects to a large extent the features of China's education modernization, and indirectly the social environment of the time.