病虫害防治托管对技术效率的影响——基于横向分工与纵向协同视角

随着农村劳动力加速转移，健全农业生产托管体系成为衔接小农户和现代农业发展的有效方式。为明确病虫害防治托管对生产技术效率的作用机制，本文基于山东省1103户农户调研数据，从分工效率视角刻画了不同类型病虫害防治托管对小麦生产技术效率的影响，并利用得分倾向匹配法解决了“内生性”和“自选择”问题。研究发现：①形成横向分工效率的连片化托管或深化纵向协同效率的全程托管对农药技术效率的提升作用十分显著，而碎片化托管或病虫害防治单环节托管不仅不足以起到优化生产效率的功能，甚至不及农户的精耕细作。②形成横向连片规模后的病虫害统防统治能够在一定程度上缓解单环节托管的效率不足。可见，参与托管并不总是能够提升农户生产技术效率。③村集体对生产托管的监督并未起到提升农药技术效率的作用。在进行了规模异质性分析、替换为IV-Tobit研究方法以及替换为截尾样本后，上述结论依旧成立。④绿色生产要素作用的发挥也有赖于服务的分工效率，在形成了分工效率的病虫害防治托管中引入绿色机械与绿色技术要素对提升技术效率具有显著的正向强化作用。结论对优化当前的农业生产托管模式、提升农业生产托管质量和效率具有借鉴意义。

Impact of pest control trusteeship on technical efficiency: From the perspective of horizontal division efficiency and vertical coordination efficiency

With the outflow of rural labor, improving the agricultural production trusteeship system has become an effective way to connect small farmers and modern agricultural development. Since production trusteeship has been playing an increasingly important role in the field of high-quality agricultural development, this study examined the effect of different kinds of pest control trusteeship on the technical efficiency of pesticides and pathways of influence from the perspective of task division efficiency using data from a survey of 1103 wheat growers in Shandong Province. After using the propensity score matching model to solve the problems of endogenous and self-selection, it was concluded that participation in the trusteeship was not always able to improve the technical efficiency of farmers’ production: (1) The large-scale trusteeship that formed the horizontal division efficiency or the whole process trusteeship that deepened the vertical coordination efficiency played a significant role in improving the technical efficiency of pesticides, while the fragmented trusteeship and the single step trusteeship for pest control were not able to optimize the production efficiency, and their technical efficiency of pesticides were even lower than that from the intensive cultivation of farmers. (2) Forming horizontal division efficiency of pest control could alleviate the inefficiency of single step trusteeship. (3) Village collective supervision of production trusteeship did not play a role in improving technical efficiency. These conclusions are still valid in the scale heterogeneity analysis and after replacing the propensity score matching model with the IV-Tobit model and truncated samples. (4) Green machinery and green technology had a significant positive strengthening function on improving technical efficiency in the trusteeship with division efficiency. Our results provide some reference for optimizing the current agricultural production trusteeship system and improving the quality and efficiency of production trusteeship.