论清末社会的苦感特征及其成因

清末社会的苦感特征及其成因，目前学界研究略有缺失。清末社会的苦感特征主要体现在四民及士兵群体生存的困苦。至于其背后的因由，一是主权受侵、外交受辱；二是政治腐败黑暗；三是自然灾害不断及社会动荡不堪；四是旧风旧俗的根深蒂固。清末政府未能正视并着力处置，从而渐次丧失了存在的基础，走向灭亡。

Characteristics and Causes of Bitterness in Late Qing Society

There is no academic study on the characteristics and causes of bitterness in the late Qing society, which is mainly demonstrated by the bitter lives of four kinds of people and soldiers. There are many causes lead- ing to such bitterness, namely, an invaded sovereign, humiliated diplomacy, corrupted and dark politics, con- tinuous natural disasters, restless society, and the old style customs, including pathetic foot-binding, broken family, andgrief of brainwashing. So cultural habits, political, economic, military, diplomatic, and other rea- sons worked together to create the bitterness filled the late Qing society. The late Qing government failed to face up to and strive to its disposal, then gradually lost its base of existence and met its final day.