白洋淀流域湿地生态水权的实证研究

湿地生态水权是分配给湿地生态系统使用水资源的权利。明确湿地生态水权对于建立湿地补水机制具有重要意义。进行湿地生态水权分析时,应遵循以下原则：①基本生活用水保障原则;②生产与生态、上游与下游统筹协调原则;③尊重现状用水原则;④合理用水原则。以此为基础,提出了湿地生态水权的计算方法,并选取白洋淀湿地进行了实例分析。结果显示,白洋淀湿地50%保证率的年生态水权量为13130×104m3,大于湿地适宜生态需水量;75%保证率的年生态水权量为8585×104m3,大于湿地最小生态需水量;而95%保证率的年生态水权量只有3891×104m3,远小于其最小生态需水量。在50%和75%保证率下,用白洋淀湿地自身的水权量为白洋淀补水,可分别满足其适宜和最小生态需水量要求;而95%保证率下,按照最小生态需水量为白洋淀补水,也需占用其他地区（白洋淀上游或外流域）的水权,需要对此进行补偿

An Empirical Study on Ecological Water Right in Baiyangdian Wetland

Water right of wetlands is the right of water consumption allocated to the wetland system. Quantitative allocation of water right to wetlands is important to the establishment of wetland water supply mechanisms. When allocating water right to a wetland, socio-economic water demands and water resources status quo of the whole watershed in which the wetland is situated should be considered properly in addition to the water demand of the wetland. Based on this concept and general principles of water rights allocation, four principles for estimating the water right of wetlands are proposed, involving 1) ensuring the essential domestic water, 2) coordinating production water and ecological water, and water use in the upper reaches and that in the lower reaches, 3) taking into account the current situation of water utilization, and 4) rationally using water. Based on these principles, the method for estimating the water right of wetlands is proposed. A case study was conducted in the Baiyangdian wetland, which is the largest freshwater lake in North China. Results show that the annual water right of the Baiyangdian wetland with an assuring rate of 50% is 131.30×106 m3, which is more than the appropriate quantity of its water demand (101.08×10⁶ m³). The annual water right with an assuring rate of 75% is 85.85×10⁶ m³, which is less than the appropriate quantity of its water demand (125.78×10⁶ m³) but more than the minimum quantity of its water demand (84.52×10⁶ m³). The annual water right with an assuring rate of 95% is 38.91×10⁶ m³, which is far less than the minimum quantity of its water demand (96.87×10⁶ m³). Under the assuring rates of 50% and 75%, the appropriate quantity and minimum quantity of water demand of the Baiyangdian wetland can respectively be met by using the water right of the Baiyangdian wetland to supply water itself. Under the assuring rate of 95%, part of the quantity of water demand can be obtained only by transference of the water right of areas outside the Baiyangdian wetland in order to supply the water of minimum quantity of demand to the Baiyangdian wetland. In this case, eco-compensation is necessary.