以言行事观念下的句法学、语义学和语用学

语力逻辑系统既包括本体层面,与真及成真条件有关,也包括认知层面,与以言行事的语力和行为有关.语力逻辑系统可以通过往标准的逻辑系统中添加施事性算子而得到.通过提供一个联系着以言行事的行为的理性承诺的解释,并且通过形成以施事性行为为前提和结论的自然演绎的推理系统,这类算子标示了以言行事的语力.本文利用一个简单的处理了断言、否定、假设的语力逻辑系统,证明经过恰当的考虑,对以言行事的语力和理性承诺的研究属于语义学,而不属于语用学.这一论证依赖于这样的事实,即表达式的赋值函项可被同时用于处理语力逻辑系统的本体和认知层面,在这两种情况下,这些函项都为建立恰当性和完全性的结果提供了基础.句法学研究的是表达式的结构,而语义学关心的则是语言使用者的意义,无论这些意义是不是习规上的意义.剩下的第三项研究,即所谓语用学,考察的是语言行为的意义是如何被说话者传达给听者的.

An Illocutionary Conception of Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics

Systems of illocutionary logic have both ontic levels, concerned with truth and truth conditions, and epistemic levels, which are concerned with illocutionary force and illocu- tionary acts. These systems are obtained from standard systems of logic by adding illocutionary operators, which indicate illocutionary force, by providing an account of rational commitments which link illocutionary acts, and by formulating a natural deduction system for reasoning from illocutionary acts as premisses to illocutionary acts as conclusions. This paper uses a simple system of illocutionary logic, one dealing with assertions, denials, and suppositions, to argue that the study of illocutionary force and rational commitment belongs to semantics, when prop-erly conceived, rather than to pragmatics. The argument depends on the fact that functions which assign values to expressions are used in dealing with both the ontic and epistemic levels of the illocutionary system, and that in both cases, the functions provide the basis for estab-lishing soundness and completeness results. Syntax studies the structures of expressions, and semantics is concerned with meanings intended by language users, whether these meanings are conventional or not. This leaves a third study, which might as well be called pragmatics, to consider how the meanings of language acts are conveyed by speakers to their addressees.