满族入关前奴隶问题管窥

满族奴隶问题是满族(女真)史和清史研究中的一个非常重要的课题，历来为众多学所重视。满族的奴隶制度发展经历了早、中、晚三个发展阶段：早期以掠夺奴役汉族和朝鲜族人为主；中期则发展到掠夺女真族中其他集团的人为奴；晚期则不仅掠夺其他集团人为奴，还役使本集团之人为奴，奴役人的数量也急剧增多。明代女真人由氏族社会进入明社会的历程有其特殊性，但也有许多人类社会的共性。女真社会非自由人产生的历程也是探讨人类社会明产生的一个途径。

A Restricted View of the Issue of Slaves before Manchu Entering Shanhaiguan

The issue of slaves of Manchu is a very important subject that has been attracting wide attention of numerous scholars in the study of the history of Manchu (Nuzhen) and Qing. This article holds that the development of slavery experienced three stages: early stage, middle stage and late stage. The main feature of the early stage was enslaving and plundering people of the Han Nationality and the Korea Nationality; during the middle one, even the people from other Manchu groups had been enslaved; and in the last one, the members in their own group also had been used as slaves while the slave number was increasing rapidly. There were particularities as well as commonalities of human society for Manchu of the Ming Dynasty in the transition from the clannish society to the civilized society. The producing course of slaves in Nuzhen society also can be regarded as the way to explore how civilization of human society came into being.