美国石油政策：市场化及其有效性

美国用法律形式明确了石油资源的所有权、勘探权和开采权，然后用市场竞标方式确定开采权的租让价格；政府不直接干预私人企业的石油生产和经营，油品价格由市场供求决定；战略储备石油的采购、储存、释放基本上采取市场招标机制；政府运用金融衍生品工具和期货市场来分散和回避国际石油价格激烈波动的影响，或者降低储备成本。另外，政府还通过补贴、技术援助和融资手段支持国内能源企业参与国际竞争。美国市场化取向的石油政策既减少了政府的监管成本，避免了国家垄断产生的低效率和政治腐败，又提高了私人石油公司的利润，满足了社会的需求，实现了经济的可持续发展，从而被证明是有效的。

U.S. Oil Policy: A More Market-Oriented One and its Validity

The U.S.law defines the ownership,prospecting right and mining right of oil resources.The lease price for mining right is decided by inviting public bidding.The government doesn't directly interfere in the production and management of private oil enterprises,and prices for oil products are also controlled by market supply and demand.The purchase,stock and sale of strategic oil reserves are done by means of market bidding mechanism.Instruments deriving from finance and future transactions are exerted to disperse and obviate impacts incurred by the fluctuant international oil prices,or to reduce the reserving cost.In addition,the authorities use subsidy,technique help and financing means to encourage domestic oil enterprises to vie abroad.The market-oriented oil policies of the U.S.not only have cut down the supervising cost,avoided low efficiency and political corruption brought about by the oil monopoly of the state,but also have increased the profit of private enterprises,met demand from the society,and realized a sustainable development of the economy.Therefore,these policies have turned out to be effective.