言语行为理论中的语言规则

维特根斯坦的早期和晚期的思想虽有变化 ,但其一直关注语言的规范和界限。他早先提出的图式说让位于工具说和游戏说 ,给以后的研究言语行为理论的语言哲学家奠定了基础。在维特根斯坦那里 ,语言被比作一箱木匠工具 ,其中各种工具都有自身的特殊功能和运用技巧。语言也好比各种游戏 ,每一种游戏都有各自的设施、规则以及胜败标准。假如需要 ,而且具备了创造能力 ,当然还可以无限地增加新工具和新游戏。维氏的观点给英美语言哲学家奥斯汀和塞尔以启发 ,他们进而提出了自己的言语行为理论以及语言规则观点。如何使用语言 ,怎样认识语意和语用之间的关系问题 ,言语行为理论倡导者提出了自己的语言规则说。本文在介绍言语行为理论中的语言规则中 ,把维特根斯坦的日常语言哲学的观点同言语行为的学说联系起来加以分析 ,使人们看到其中的来龙去脉 ,对当代西方语言哲学有个新认识

Language Rules in the Theory of Speech Acts

Despite the change of his thoughts during his lifetime, Wittgenstein was always concerned about the standard and the boundary of language. His early schema theory later gave way to the theories of tools and games, which set the foundation for language philosophers who research into the theory of speech acts. Wittgenstein compared language to a carpenter's kit of tools, each of which has its own function and requires specific techniques for handling. He also compared language to various games, each with its own rules and standards. Moreover, he thought endless new tools and games could be added if they were necessary and creative. These ideas greatly enlightened Austine and Searle who proposed their own speech act theories and language rules. The pioneers of speech act theories have put forward their own concepts of language rules regarding how to utilize language, how to interpret the relationship between meaning and language use. This paper is intended to present a panoramic view of language rules behind speech act theories, a new perspective to contemporary western language philosophy, by integrating Wittgenstein's philosophical ideas of language with speech act theories.