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Emergence and evolution of informal roles during a canoe expedition
Authors:Jeremie M. Carreau  Grégoire Bosselut  Stephen D. Ritchie  Jean-Philippe Heuzé  Scott Arppe
Affiliation:1. Wendigo Lake Expeditions, Inc., South River, Canada;2. Laboratoire EPSYLON, EA 4556 dynamique des capacités humaines et des conduites de santé, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France;3. School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada;4. UFR APS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Abstract:This exploratory study was conducted to illuminate aspects relevant to the emergence and evolution of informal roles in a group during a canoe expedition. Following tenets of ethnography, the first author collected observational and interview (conversational and focus group) data while participating as a member of the expedition. Three general dimensions were revealed with regards to emerging and evolving informal roles: context aspects; role occupant aspects; and group member aspects. Informal roles were found to be important structural components which contributed to group productivity and harmony. Findings are discussed in relation to the broader literature while questions are raised regarding how informal roles have been conceptualized. Implications include considering how informal roles relate to individual (e.g. satisfaction) and group (e.g. cohesion) level constructs and how outdoor leaders may benefit from understanding how informal roles emerge and evolve.
Keywords:Informal role  emergence  evolution  outdoor  expedition
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