区带毛细管电泳法测定黄芩甙元、黄芩甙和绿原酸

建立了一种区带毛细管电泳法测定柴黄口服液和复方芩兰口服液中黄芩甙元、黄芩甙和绿原酸的方法.在优化的条件下,3种物质在9 min内得到良好分离.黄芩甙元、黄芩甙和绿原酸峰面积和质量浓度分别在2～200μg/mL、2～500μg/mL和2～200μg/mL范围内成良好线性.黄芩甙元、黄芩甙和绿原酸的检出限和加标回收率分别为0.32 μg/mL、0.44 μg/mL、0.64 μg/mL和97.5%、96.4%、102.3%.     

黄芩中黄芩苷的提取工艺及高效液相色谱分析条件的优化

以黄芩为研究对象,建立并优化了高效液相色谱方法,测定了黄芩苷的含量。实验中设计了正交方法,综合考虑煎煮粒度、煎煮时间、加水量和煎煮次数等因素,对黄芩的煎煮工艺进行研究。结果表明,以上4个因素对黄芩苷的溶出量及浸膏率影响程度依次降低,而粉碎粒度的影响最显著。提出了黄芩的优化煎煮工艺参数,在此基础上,得到黄芩最佳粉碎粒度范围。     

水浇地黄芩生育规律及栽培技术的研究

黄芩是应用较广的中药材 ,商品来源主要依靠野生资源 ,由于盲目采挖 ,资源濒临绝迹。在半干旱地区人工种植黄芩生长期长 ,产量低 ,质量差 ,不能满足内外销的需求。我们经过连续 3年的研究 ,基本摸清了黄芩的生育规律及对生态环境条件的要求 ,并探索发现了培育高产、优质水浇地 1年生黄芩的栽培及初加工技术 ,为黄芩的进一步推广应用提供了科学依据。     

HPLC法测定众生片中黄芩苷的含量

目的:采用高效液相法测定众生片中黄芩苷的含量。方法:色谱柱为HypersilC18(4.6mm×200mm,5μm;流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(45:55:0.2);流速为:1ml.min-1;检测波长为278nm.。结果:黄芩苷进样量在0.0150.15ug之间,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为96.57%,RSD=1.3%(n=5)。结论:本方法操作简单,快捷,可用于测定众生片中黄芩苷的含量。     

柴胡—黄芩药对配伍前后有效成分比较研究

为深入探讨柴胡黄芩药对配伍机制,本文对柴胡黄芩药对配伍前后有效成分变化进行研究,运用HPLC色谱法对柴胡药材、黄芩药材、柴胡单煎液、黄芩单煎液、柴胡黄芩药对合煎液中柴胡皂苷a和黄芩苷的含量进行测定。结果显示柴胡皂苷a含量(%):柴胡药材(醇提)1.373%,柴胡单煎液1.244%,柴—黄合煎液1.301%;黄芩苷含量(%):黄芩药材(醇提)23.987%,黄芩单煎液13.429%,柴-黄合煎液23.300%。合煎液中有效成分的含量高于单煎液中有效成分的含量(以柴胡皂苷a、黄芩苷为指标),说明药对配伍后会明显增加药材中一些有效成分的溶出。     

中药黄芩抗缺氧作用研究

目的:为探讨黄芩水提物的抗缺氧作用,用小鼠制备模型进行耐缺氧研究.方法:采用小鼠常压缺氧模型、对抗异丙肾上腺素模型、对抗亚硝酸钠动物模型,腹腔注射黄芩水提物,测定其存活时间.结果:黄芩水提物能显著延长常压缺氧条件下小鼠的存活时间(P<0.01);能显著延长腹腔注射异丙肾上腺素小鼠在常压缺氧条件下的存活时间(P<0.01);对小鼠亚硝酸钠中毒无明显的缓解作用(P>0.05).结论:黄芩水提物具有增强小鼠耐缺氧能力的作用.     

黄芩苷缓释胶囊的研制

制备黄芩苷缓释胶囊,并通过体外释放度对其处方进行优化.以黄芩苷为原料药,羟丙甲纤维素(HPMC)、微晶纤维素(MCC)、乳糖、聚维酮(PVP)的乙醇溶液为辅料制备缓释胶囊,考察不同因素对释放度的影响,通过正交试验优化制备处方.优化后的黄芩苷缓释胶囊的处方为黄芩苷0.5 g,HPMC 0.25 g,MCC 0.2 g,PVP的乙醇溶液浓度为6%,乳糖0.25 g.研究方法简便、快速,体外释放度显示黄芩苷缓释胶囊处方设计比较合理,可进一步研发.     

活性炭对黄芩组培苗继代培养的影响

为探讨黄芩组培苗继代培养基中最适的活性炭质量浓度,采用活性炭质量浓度梯度试验的方法,分别对黄芩试管苗的黄化率、褐化率、玻化率、株高等指标进行测定。结果表明,活性炭质量浓度为1 g.L-1时,植株褐化率、黄化率、玻化率以及植株的株高等综合指标最好,为建立和完善黄芩组培快繁体系提供了依据。     

滇黄芩中的提取黄芩苷优化工艺探索

以黄芩苷提取率和干膏率作为鉴定指标,采用L9（3^4）正交实验法对滇黄芩中黄芩苷提取工艺进行优化．结果表明,碱水倍量、提取时间、提取次数、pH值等对鉴定指标具有显著性影响．黄芩苷最佳提取工艺为：碱水倍量12倍,pH为10,回流提取2次,每次2h．     

黄芩总黄酮部位对常见水产致病菌的体外抑制作用

为寻找水产养殖领域天然、安全的抗生素替代品，探索黄芩醇提物对水产致病菌抑制作用的总黄酮部位.采用大孔树脂分离和抑菌圈法确定黄芩抗菌的总黄酮部位，采用紫外分光光度法和HPLC法分别对其进行定量和定性分析，采用琼脂稀释法测定黄芩总黄酮部位对7种水产致病菌的MIC.研究结果表明，黄芩中的黄酮类成分主要富集在30%醇洗和70%醇洗部位，并表现出明显的抑菌活性，其总黄酮含量达75.2%.黄芩总黄酮部位对其中6种水产致病菌的10个菌株均表现出较强的抑制作用，其MIC在0.36～1.43 mg/mL之间.黄芩总黄酮部位具有较广谱的抗水产致病菌作用，在水产养殖业有着广泛的应用前景.     

The Learning Facilitation Role of Agricultural Extension Workers in the Adoption of Integrated Pest Management by Tropical Fruit Growers in Thailand

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a well-known innovation that accords with modern environmental management "best practice". In this paper it is examined in two related ways. First, attention is focused on the role of Agricultural Extension Workers (AEWs) as learning facilitators in a non-formal setting. Second, the paper relates the IPM project and the role of AEWs to adult continuing education theory and practice. As contextual background, a recent IPM diffusion project in a region of Thailand, where durian is grown extensively, as a process of innovation adoption is outlined. The research focused on the factors influencing the durian growers to adopt IPM. The sample of 120 durian growers reported on the importance of AEWs in persuading them to give IPM a proper trial. In sum, the intelligent way IPM knowledge was transferred, through the mediating role of AEWs, reflected the current emphasis on collaborative partnerships and learning as an effective means of managing change in complex environments. The paper provides an illustration of the "search for social relevance" theme of adult education from the less well-known field of agricultural extension in rural communities and a developing country.     

Implementing an integrated pest management (IPM) program in child care centers: A qualitative study

Pesticide use in and around child care centers is a potential health threat to children and staff. The implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) can reduce these risks yet child care providers receive minimal, if any, education concerning pest management. The objectives of this qualitative study are to: (a) develop a model to describe the process of implementing an IPM program in child care centers, (b) identify the facilitators and barriers to implementing an IPM program in child care centers, and (c) examine congruence between IPM practices identified on an IPM checklist with practices reported in qualitative interviews with child care managers. Interviews and IPM checklist observations were conducted with nine child care center managers in California before and after the introduction of a pilot IPM education intervention program. The qualitative analysis of the interviews revealed a four-stage IPM implementation process, from awareness of IPM, recognizing the importance of IPM and learning how to practice it, motivation and the decision to adopt IPM, to the implementation of IPM. A wide range of facilitators and barriers were identified. There was general congruence between the manager interviews and IPM checklist findings on IPM policies, practices, and management. Understanding the process of how an IPM program was implemented in these child care centers and the facilitators and barriers involved in the process can inform planning efforts for future health interventions in child care.     

Social capital and geography of learning: Roles in accelerating the spread of integrated pest management

This paper aims to show the relevance of spatial proximity and social capital in accelerating the spread of agricultural technologies such as integrated pest management (IPM). The research was done in response to the problem of slow diffusion of agricultural technologies. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in investigating the process of sharing and learning of IPM. Results show that social capital in terms of kin networks and spatial proximity such as found among farm neighbours are essential in the learning process and hence, diffusion of IPM among Filipino farmers. Kin networks and farm location are then important considerations in sampling participants strategically for the long-season IPM farmer field schools (FFS).     

IPM在变频空调中的应用

变频技术是变频空调的核心技术,它不仅能降低噪声,还能提高制冷/热效果和舒适度.而使其拥有较高的可靠性和较低的功耗是由于在变频技术中采用了模块化的功率器件IPM智能功率模块.IPM不但能减少工作噪声,还可以提高系统的可靠性及控制效率.新一代的IPM还改进内部的寄生结构,在低正向压降、高开关速度和宽安全工作区方面进行优化设计,因此在空调和其它的家用电器中得到更广泛的应用.     

基于IPM技术的政和工夫GAP茶园建设

有害生物综合治理技术（Integrated pest management,IPM）对于茶园实施良好农业规范（Good Agricultural Practices,GAP）有很大促进作用。阐述了如何应用IPM技术促进政和工夫GAP茶园建设,使政和工夫红茶的清洁化生产技术更加深入,使茶叶农残问题从根本上得到解决,并促进政和茶业的发展。     

Teaching Future Crop Protection Practitioners through the Use of On-line Cases: Practicing IPM Spray Decisions in New Zealand Apple Orchards

Purpose: There are many complexities to be considered when selecting tactical control options in crops grown under an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) regime. Students being trained in IPM are made aware of this complexity but do not always get the chance to experience IPM decision-making first-hand. This case study describes a web-based assessment and presents student feedback as to its value.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Students are required to analyse the pest and disease status of and provide pesticide recommendations for an export apple orchard at four different times of the season. At each ‘virtual visit’ they are required to interpret monitoring data and make spray decisions. The students are provided with the same IPM information and guidelines commercial growers receive. Amongst other things, management history, non-target organisms, pesticide resistance risk, allowable residues, pesticide restrictions and pesticide compatibility must be considered. Student reflections (n = 57) from three years of use were assessed using grounded theory analysis and reported.

Findings: Students found they gained an appreciation of the various factors that need to be considered for tactical IPM and that the exercise helped prepare them for this task ‘in real life’.

Practical Implications: The assessment described can be used as a template for an online integrated case-based training strategy which provides the opportunity for real-life decision making in a safe environment.

Originality/Value: The paper is original. It is hoped this case study will serve as a source of ideas and/or inspiration from those wishing to employ similar ‘active learning’ web-based exercises for agricultural education or extension training.     

Lessons from an Experiential Learning Process: The Case of Cowpea Farmer Field Schools in Ghana

Abstract

The Farmer Field School (FFS) is a form of adult education using experiential learning methods, aimed at building farmers’ decision-making capacity and expertise. The National Research Institute in West Africa conducted FFS in cowpea cultivation and we use this experience to analyse the implementation of the FFS approach. How does it work in practice? The curriculum deployed is compared to the ‘principles’ for FFS curricula. We assessed the impact of the FFS on the implementation process of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices in farmers’ crop management. The appreciation of different stakeholders is also recorded. The analysis shows that the FFS was used as a tool to transfer messages, rather than to foster experiential learning among farmers. The article seeks to analyse the reasons for this shift in objectives and concludes that the way in which the FFS approach was applied in the case of the cowpea project did not allow optimal benefits to be derived from IPM practices.     

用迭代摄动法求解含立方项强非线性振动方程

采用迭代摄动法求解含有立方项的非线性振动微分方程,得到形式简单的近似解析解.通过讨论解析解在各种情况下的近似程度,说明所采用的方法及得到的简单公式在很大范围内是有效的.     

《性传播疾病》的讲授实践与成效

目的：了解大学生对性传播疾病知识了解程度特别是传播途径与预防知识。方法：通过授课方法分次对503名大学生进行问卷调查和考试测试。结果：大学生对性传播疾病知识了解逐年提高,对性与性传播疾病认识观念发生改变。结论：选修课性传播疾病对当代大学生是很有必要的,是预防性传播疾病流行重要举措。     

一类非线性脉冲系统的稳定性分析：理论研究

研究了综合害虫治理（IPM）策略下具有脉冲作用和功能反应的三阶食饵一捕食系统．利用脉冲微分方程的Floquet乘子理论、比较定理等方法,证明了当脉冲周期小于某个临界值时,系统存在一个全局渐进稳定的害虫灭绝周期解,并说明了系统的解是一致最终有界的．