大别地体超高压变质岩石锆石Lu-Hf同位素研究

对大别山南部超高压变质带双河和黄镇地区的榴辉岩、片麻岩和硬玉石英岩中变质锆石进行了原位LA-MC-ICPMS的Lu-Hf同位素分析.双河和黄镇的榴辉岩及双河的硬玉石英岩有低176Lu/177Hf和低176Hf/177Hf组成,两地的片麻岩有高176Hf/177Hf比和高且分散的176Lu/177Hf组成.锆石Hf同位素分布主要受变质原岩的形成时代控制,增生锆石基本上继承了原岩锆石的Hf同位素特征,既有增生锆石相对有低176Lu/177Hf和高176Hf/177Hf、继承重结晶锆石相对有高176Lu/177Hf和低176Hf/177Hf的特征,也有二者相互重叠没有区别的,它主要受原岩性质和变质过程中锆石遭受的溶蚀程度控制.增生锆石的低Lu/Hf是锆石在变质过程中Lu含量下降和Hf含量增高造成的,增生锆石的高176Hf/177Hf继承自岩石中其它高Lu/Hf比矿物的长期演化.继承锆石的初始Hf同位素组成εHf值和亏损地幔模式年龄TDM示踪表明,各超高压变质原岩的时代和成因是复杂的：双河榴辉岩原岩物质源自25亿年的亏损地幔和至少27亿年以上的古老晚太古地壳混合.双河片麻岩原岩年龄相同,但有不同的壳幔混合物源.黄镇榴辉岩原岩主要源于亏损幔源岩浆形成的初生地壳的重循环,很少的地壳混染.黄镇片麻岩和榴辉岩的物源区年龄相同.两地片麻岩原岩物源主要来自弱亏损地幔,存在古老地壳物质和地幔物质的混合.大别地区超高压变质岩锆石的Lu-Hf同位素特征主要反映了7～8亿年和18～19亿年时扬子克拉通北缘地区的岩浆活动特点和大地构造环境.     

Lu-Hf年代学研究——以大别榴辉岩为例

本文利用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）进行了同位素稀释法Lu-Hf年代学研究,建立了全岩Lu、Hf的分离条件.分离后Lu溶液中^176Lu/^176Yb大于30,分离后Hf溶液中Lu和Yb对Hf的干扰（^176Lu/^176Hf和^176Yb/^176Hf分别小于2×10^-6和2×10^-4）采用指数法则进行校正。建立了MC-ICP-MS进行Lu、Hf同位素高精度准确测试的校正方法.天然样品中Hf同位素^176Hf/^177Hf的内部测试精度优于0.0015%,外部精密度优于0.0010%.应用本文建立的方法获得大别双河榴辉岩石榴子石-全岩Lu-Hf等时线年龄为254±16Ma（2σ）.年龄误差稍大与该样品石榴子石中较低的Lu含量（1.1 μg/g）和石榴子石-全岩的未充分分开的^176Lu/^177Hf比值（分别为0.05和0.01）有关。     

冀北小张家口超基性岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成

采用离子探针（SHRIMP Ⅱ）测得小张家口基性-超基性岩体中的锆石主要有220±5Ma和491±7Ma两组年龄,以及一个很老的继承锆石年龄2453Ma.年龄为220±5Ma的一组锆石（A组）具有典型的岩浆型振荡环带,这组年龄应代表该岩体的侵位年龄.A组锆石的^176Hf/^177Hf比值从0.282557到0.282690,εHf（220Ma）=-2.9～＋1.66.年龄为491±7Ma的一组锆石（B组）具有变质成因的蝴蝶结构（Butterfly structure）和熔蚀边,属于继承锆石.B组锆石的^176Hf/^177Hf比值从0.282239到0.282483,εHf（491Ma）=-8.6～0.06.207Pb/206Pb年龄为2453Ma的锆石应该是岩浆侵位时从华北克拉通古元古代基底中捕获的锆石.A组锆石的Hf同位素数据表明,220Ma左右由于华北北缘岩石圈伸展,导致软流圈地幔上涌,亏损的软流圈地幔流/熔体与富集的岩石圈地幔相互作用并混合,这种混合地幔源区发生部分熔融而形成小张家口基性-超基性岩体.B组锆石可能是小张家口岩体在岩浆侵位过程中捕获的来源于富集地幔或大陆下地壳的锆石.     

苏鲁造山带荣成超高压地体片麻岩锆石年龄和铪同位素组成特征

本文对苏鲁造山带内荣成超高压地体片麻岩样品进行了锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素和全岩Nd同位素分析,旨于探讨片麻岩的原岩性质及成因.3个片麻岩样品的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄（770 Ma和710 Ma之间）表明原岩形成于晚元古代,与Rodinia超大陆裂解过程的岩浆活动时间相吻合.14个片麻岩的单阶段钕模式年龄变化在1.70 Ga至2.30 Ga（平均～1.93 Ga）,表明荣成超高压地体片麻岩平均地壳存留时间为古元古代,与扬子陆块的平均地壳形成年龄相一致,暗示具有扬子陆块属性.其锆石εHf（t）值（t=750 Ma）和模式年龄值变化范围大.2个片麻岩的锆石具有非常负的εHf（t）,平均值为-16.4,铪模式年龄为2.70 Ga.6个片麻岩的锆石εHf（t）平均值为-7.7,铪模式年龄为2.15 Ga.这些结果表明荣成超高压地体部分原岩主要由太古代-古元古代地壳物质在晚元古代时重熔形成的,进一步说明荣成地区可能有扬子陆块的太古代地壳残留.另有6个片麻岩的锆石εHf（t）变化范围为-0.56至6,6之间,其中部分锆石的两阶段Hf模式年龄为0.81 Ga至0.94 Ga,表明片麻岩原岩晚元古代形成时,有幔源岩浆活动和新生地壳形成,可能同时存在强烈壳-幔相互作用,上侵的幔源岩浆底侵导致上覆扬子陆块太古代-古元古代地壳物质重熔,形成花岗质岩浆.     

大别造山带碧溪岭橄榄岩中锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素研究

在详细形态和内部结构研究基础上,对碧溪岭橄榄岩锆石进行了配套的U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素分析.碧溪岭橄榄岩锆石主体是变质成因的,但有少量岩浆锆石残留.这些锆石主体给出了220～210 Ma的变质生长/重结晶作用年龄;一颗具较高Th/U比值的锆石给出646 Ma的近协和年龄,限定了早期岩浆结晶作用的最小年龄.真正的侵位年龄可以由745 Ma的上交点年龄来限定;210～222 Ma则记录着深俯冲陆壳折返过程中的锆石生长.除少数颗粒的εHf为负值外（-2.9）,大部分锆石的εHf是正的（高速＋8.1）并具新元古代的亏损地幔模式年龄（0.6～1.0 Ga,平均0.8 Ga）.这些结果说明碧溪岭橄榄岩的初始物质是扬子大陆岩石圈内新元古代岩浆堆积作用产物.这样的岩浆堆积物来源于亏损的软流圈地幔,侵入于扬子的深部地壳之中（如底侵）并部分混染了古老地壳组分.它们随扬子向华北之下深俯冲碰撞和造山带折返过程中经历着复杂的变质改造作用.     

华北克拉通中部古元古代高Mg低Ti-P镁铁质岩墙的富晶集地幔源区——锆石Hf同位素的制约

华北克拉通中部是古元古代岩墙群最为发育的地区.以镁铁质成分为主的岩墙群可以分为变质的和不变质的两类.不变质岩墙群是在1780～1760 Ma之间大约20 Ma时间内形成的,是华北克拉通古元古代最晚期镁铁质岩浆活动的产物.不变质岩墙又可以细分成高Mg-Ti低P、低Mg高Ti-P和高Mg低Ti-P等3组.本文报道了采自丰镇附近高Mg低Ti-P岩墙样品的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成分析结果.新获得的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为1769±4 Ma,与其它不变质岩墙的锆石、斜锆石U-Pb年龄和^40Ar/^39Ar年龄的范围相同.高Mg低Ti-P岩墙的锆石εHf（t）值的变化范围在-6.4～＋0.4之间,平均值为-2.2,略高于时代相近的花岗质岩石.由于镁铁质岩浆在上升、侵位和结晶过程中几乎没有受到地壳物质混染,因而锆石εHf（t）值可以代表镁铁质岩浆的富集的岩石圈地幔源区的特征.文献资料显示,高Mg低Ti-P岩墙的岩石圈地幔源区的87Sr/86Sr初始比值为0.7040～0.7050,平均值为0.7046,εNd（t）值为-5.6～-2.8,平均值为-4.4.     

莫河花岗岩的锆石U-Pb和Lu-Hf同位素研究：柴北欧龙布鲁克微陆块始古元古代岩浆作用年龄和地壳演化约束

欧龙布鲁克微陆块具典型的基底与盖层二元结构,基底自下而上由德令哈杂岩、达肯大坂岩群和万洞沟群三个岩石-构造单元组成.应用LA-ICP-MS测定了德令哈杂岩中的莫河花岗岩体的27个颗锆石的U-Pb同位素成分,其中26颗锆石发生不同程度的放射成因铅同位素丢失,其不一致线上交点年龄为2470＋19/-18 Ma.应用LA-MC-ICP-MS测定了25颗锆石的Hf同位素成分,其中岩浆结晶成因的23颗锆石的Hf（2470 Ma）=0.28129～0.28140,平均值0.28134±0.00003;εHf值的变化范围2.94～6.95,加权平均值4.58＋0.54/-0.76,长英质地壳存留年龄TCDM=2.54～2.75Ga,加权平均值2.66＋0.04/-0.02 Ga.以上数据将该花岗岩的形成年龄约束在2470 Ma,其岩浆来源于地幔物质的部分熔融,指示欧龙布鲁克微陆块在～2.5 Ga的地壳增生事件.     

藏南林周盆地林子宗火山岩的时代、成因及其地质意义：锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据

本文对林子宗火山岩命名地-林周盆地内典中组最底部的英安质火山角砾岩和年波组下段的流纹质熔结凝灰岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素分析,结果显示前者形成于62.5±1.1 Ma,而后者形成于56.4±1.2 Ma,表明林子宗火山活动的起始时间略晚于K/T界限年龄.岩浆锆石的εHf（T）值分别为＋9.0～＋0.5和＋11.0～＋4.8,显示亏损地幔的特征,与同时期冈底斯岩体的岩浆锆石相似,应为同源产物,源自于地幔楔的部分熔融.此外,典中组样品含有石炭纪年龄的捕获锆石,它们的εHf（T）值介于-0.6～-3.2之间,具有中元古代的Hf同位素模式年龄,与附近念青唐古拉岩带花冈岩的捕获锆石相若,暗示拉萨陆块老地壳的混染在岩浆演化中亦扮演了角色.结合区域地质,我们认为在藏南拉萨陆块上的林子宗火山岩是印度与欧亚大陆碰撞之前到碰撞初期新特提斯海洋板块向北俯冲、拆离作用的结果.     

大兴安岭东北部早古生代花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及地质意义

大兴安岭东北部早古生代花岗岩属于Ⅰ型花岗岩.锆石的LA-ICPMS U-Pb年代学研究表明,十八站岩体、内河岩体、白银纳岩体的形成年龄分别为499±1、500±1和460±1 Ma,而查拉班河岩体为一多次侵入的杂岩体,其形成年龄在465～481 Ma.结合本区和邻区其它早古生代花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄,限定了大兴安岭东北部地区早古生代花岗岩浆活动的时限为460～500 Ma.锆石的LA-MC-ICPMS Hf同位素研究显示,本区早古生代花岗岩的锆石εHf（t）多数介于＋1.5～＋3.8之间,二阶段模式年龄介于1.1～1.4 Ga,表明其主要起源于中-新元古代增生的地壳物质.结合兴安地块其它花岗岩的锆石Hf同位素资料,认为额尔古纳地块在中-新元古代时期曾发生一次重要的地壳增生事件,与兴安地块主要为显生宙地壳的特点明显不同.     

鲁东昆嵛山地区宫家辉长闪长岩成因：岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素制约

宫家辉长闪长岩是鲁东昆嵛山地区出露面积最大的基性侵入体.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明,其侵位于113±2 Ma.高MgO含量（Mg^#高达56）,Hf同位素组成位于华北克拉通地壳演化线之上,说明其地幔来源的特征.在地球化学特征上,富集K、Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ti、P等高场强元素;Isr为0.70745～0.70812,εNd为-15.9～-12.0,Sr、Nd和Pb同位素组成[（^206Pb/^204Pb）i=17.108～17.239]与胶东基性脉岩和胶莱盆地青山组火山岩相似;锆石Hf同位素组成比较均一,εHf（t）平均值为-16.7,这些特征都暗示其来源于富集的华北岩石圈地幔.地球化学研究表明宫家辉长闪长岩经历了分离结晶作用,是胶东乃至中国东部岩石圈减薄的产物.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.