美国大学博士培养中的几种关系

美国大学博士培养以培养理念多元化、培养目标多样化、培养过程规范化、理论与实践并重、实行严格的淘汰制度而著称。世界上许多国家都是在借鉴美国大学博士培养制度的基础上建立起了本国的博士培养制度。本文试以美国肯塔基大学教育心理学专业博士培养为例,对美国大学博士培养中几种关系进行简要介绍,以期为我国博士培养提供有益的借鉴。     

行业性院校的治理困境与创新逻辑

内外部权力结构与权力运行的规制化、治理方式的法治化与权力主体的博弈共生、治理的高效性与价值的整体性是行业性院校治理现代化的基本特征与愿景。但是,目前行业性高校存在着官僚化治理模式导致路径依赖、院校的治理主体性不足与治理体系中的"钱穆制度陷阱"等困境。需要以构建"大学理事会制度"为突破口,创新内部治理的领导体制;以"校长治校与教授治学"为核心,构建行政权力与学术权力的制衡机制;推动大学章程的法制化进程,增强行业性高校理性办学的能力;创新投入体制机制,增强行业性院校治理的物质保障能力。     

行业性院校的治理困境与创新逻辑北大核心CSSCI

内外部权力结构与权力运行的规制化、治理方式的法治化与权力主体的博弈共生、治理的高效性与价值的整体性是行业性院校治理现代化的基本特征与愿景。但是,目前行业性高校存在着官僚化治理模式导致路径依赖、院校的治理主体性不足与治理体系中的"钱穆制度陷阱"等困境。需要以构建"大学理事会制度"为突破口,创新内部治理的领导体制;以"校长治校与教授治学"为核心,构建行政权力与学术权力的制衡机制;推动大学章程的法制化进程,增强行业性高校理性办学的能力;创新投入体制机制,增强行业性院校治理的物质保障能力。     

美国研究型大学理工科博士研究生的培养特点及质量保障

论述了美国研究型大学博士研究生的培养特点。主要以康涅狄格大学为例,介绍了美国研究型大学理工科博士研究生的招生选拔、指导方式、培养模式,以及为确保博士研究生培养质量而采取的一些具体措施,以期对我国博士研究生教育制度的改革有所借鉴及启示。     

美国教学设计师的培养及其特征——以新墨西哥大学和印第安纳大学为例

教学设计师在美国已发展成为一个热门职业,许多大学开设了教学设计师专业,具有较成熟的培养体系,在招生要求、培养方案与培养方式等方面都较为完善。通过对美国新墨西哥大学初级教学设计师和印第安纳大学高级教学设计师培养的考察,发现美国教学设计师培养至少有四个特点值得关注和借鉴:视教学设计师为实践型专业,注重实践能力培养;突出过程指导与监控,注重培养质量;充分利用现代信息技术,开展多元化教学;以社会需求为导向,实施分层次培养。     

从NBPTS音乐教师专业标准谈我国高师音乐教育硕士的培养

NBPTS教师专业标准已逐渐成为众多美国高校制订教育硕士培养计划的重要参考,其音乐教师专业标准对我国高师音乐教育硕士的培养具有一定的借鉴意义。针对我国高师音乐教育硕士培养过程中缺乏对学生教学实践能力的培养的问题,提出了首先要健全考试机制,改革考试方式;其次要增加实践课程,提高实践能力;再次要丰富评价方式,制定淘汰制度等建议。     

美国高校的通识教育评介

通识教育与专业培养,是现代大学本科课程的两大支柱。本文以哈佛大学的通识教育尤其是近年来的讨论为线索,以耶鲁大学、哥伦比亚大学等为参考,对美国研究型大学的通识教育课程与制度进行考察,试图为中国高校本科教育提供更为全面与细致的美国高校经验的认识与借鉴。     

中美三高校小学教育专业本科培养方案的比较研究

通过对在国内享有盛誉的首都师范大学小学教育专业与在美国排名前列的公立的威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校小教专业以及私立的范德堡大学小教专业三校本科培养方案的比较发现,在专业方向设置、培养目标、课程方案和培养过程等方面,三校有一些共同特点,也有许多各自特色,尤其是美国两校的专业方向设置的多视角、培养目标的集中化、课程的整合化和培养过程的严格监控等成熟经验值得我国借鉴。     

美国州立大学应用型创新人才培养协同机制及启示

协同机制的建立是美国州立大学应用型创新人才培养质量的重要保障。州立大学应用型创新人才培养协同机制主要包括内部、外部两个部分,并具有协同主体角色定位明确、协同制度完善、协同组织机构专门化、协同培养方式多样化等特征。美国州立大学应用型创新人才培养协同机制对我国地方高校应用型创新人才培养具有重要的借鉴价值,即:一是强化高校协同主体地位,激发各主参与的积极性;二是加强协同组织机构建设,健全完善制度规范设计;三是校内校外相互协同配合,促进培养方式的多样化。     

地质工程领域全日制专业硕士研究生培养模式研究

培养新世纪的地质工程专业硕士是目前教育改革中十分艰巨的任务。本文通过调研国内外不同大学的地质工程专业学位研究生培养模式,并进行了深入的对比分析,发现国内外大学对地质工程专业硕士的培养有很大差异。结合国内外课程体系的优点,针对目前中国石油大学（北京）地质工程专业硕士的教学体系中存在的问题,从课程设置、实验室建设、教学方式等方面提出了相应的对策和措施。     

开发非智力因素 提高生物奥赛成效

在学习过程中,非智力因素的动力作用和调节作用在学生身上的反映是十分明显的,培养学生非智力因素是现代社会对学校教育提出的新的要求.重点介绍在生物奥赛辅导过程中怎样开发学生非智力因素,从而提高生物奥赛成效,并培养出合格的适应社会需要的人才.     

Puppets in science lessons Experiences and stories from Norwegian teachers who are using puppets

Ten teachers, from preschool to secondary school have tried out puppets as a stimulus in science lessons. Data were gathered by teachers answering a questionnaire and by interviewing the teachers. We report what teachers have experienced by using puppets in science classrooms and in science activities in preschools. Data indicate that the puppet can be used to stimulate science both in preschool, primary school and secondary school. Probably the puppet must be used in different ways in preschool and primary school than in secondary school to get the pupils to accept them. This pilot study has given us courage and ideas to start a following-up study in using puppets in science.     

Promoting accountability and enhancing efficiency： Using national education accounts to track expenditure flows

Increasing accountability and efficiency in the use of public and out-of-pocket financing in education are critical to realizing the maximum impact of the meager allocations to education in most developing countries. While broad estimates and numbers are routinely collected by most national ministries and state departments of education, the lack of accuracy and reliability as well as the obtuse nature of recording and presentation of the data does not facilitate any serious policy use. A major advance in this area has been brought about by the development of NEA （National Education Accounts）, which is a new tool for measuring education expenditures in a systematic policy-~endly manner. In essence, NEAs measure the ＂financial pulse＂ of an education system, answering 4 key questions： Who is financing education？ How much do they spend？ How are funds distributed across different education providers, levels and activities？ Who benefits from or receives the services？ NEAs gather information on all spending from public, private and donor sources, and provide a snap-shot of all expenditures on education in the state or country. While not an auditing tool, it provides real time information on the flow of funds that can be used for evidence-based decision-making. It provides information to policy-makers, enabling them to discern systcm-wide inequities and identify areas that require changes in policy. In addition, the use of a standard classification of expenditures allows for data from NEAs to be comparable between and within countries. This paper provides an assessment of accountability and efficiency in the use of public and private resources in the education sector in 2 states of Nigeria. Using comparative data from implementation of education accounts in 2 states of Nigeria, it presents a breakdown of education spending by public and private sources as well as donor agencies, by types of providers, by geographical regions and by category of expenditures. It analyzes educational expenditures for the 2 states in the context of state government priorities for education, and proposes a novel way of tracking trends in education spending as a means for policy-makers to organize a strategic vision supported by resources and to evaluate the outcome of policies.     

Values—— A study of teacher and student perceptions in four countries

The study aimed to assess and compare the values prevalent among the students and teachers of Universities in Bangladesh, Japan, USA and Germany. The sample consisted of 480 students and 236 teachers. The sample included 120 undergraduate students Japan; 120 undergraduate students from Bangladesh; 120 undergraduate students from USA, and 120 undergraduate students from Germany. The faculty sample included 60 teachers from Japan, 60 teachers from Bangladesh; 60 teachers from USA, and 56 teachers from Germany. To identify the value preferences of the individuals a list of 10 values, pro-social, achievement, power over others, security, self direction, otherworldliness, fatalism, narcissism, inner directed, and conservative, based on previous values studies by Singh and Parek were prepared. The first five values were identified in previous studies as functional （Singh, 1975） and other five were identified as dysfunctional （Parek, 1988） in the context of national development of Asian cultures. The results revealed that Bangladeshi students held stronger preferences for values identified as functional values than for those identified as dysfunctional. Japanese students indicated stronger preferences for the values identified as functional values except narcissism. The American students indicated a preference for three of the five values identified as functional but also ranked narcissism and other worldliness as third and fifth preferred values respectively. German student showed a preference for functional values, except narcissism which they also ranked as third. Bangladeshi teachers＇ preferences for functional values were higher than dysfunctional values. Japanese teachers indicated a preference for functional values except narcissism. American teachers preferred functional values except other worldliness. German teachers＇ value preferences were also functional, except for narcissism which they ranked as fifth. Students and teachers in the four countries sampled indicate preferences for values identified as functional with few exceptions. This research suggests that value preferences among university students and teachers are more similar than different, suggesting a homogenizing effect （Boli, 2005） on human values.     

Developing schools as professional learning communities： The TL21 experience

Over the last 2 decades, Irish schooling and society have gone through a period of significant structural and policy-driven change. To meet the emerging needs of the knowledge/learning society, schools and teachers are challenged to develop their capacities as ＂active learning communities＂. This places greater demands on teachers and schools to reflect on their classroom practices, to utilise a wider repertoire of pedagogic styles more suited to the needs of the 21st century learners and so that meaningfully collaborate with their fellow professionals. Teaching and Learning for the 21st Century （TL21） was a 4-year （2003-2007） multi-pronged research and development project involving the Education Department at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth （NUIM） and 15 post-primary schools. The project sought to address a number of key aims in terms of developing schools as professional learning communities, including addressing the isolation and insulation which teachers can, and do experience in their day-to-day professional lives and prioritize quality in teaching and learning as a key challenge for school development planning. This paper attempts to succinctly frame the key developments and findings which emerged over the duration of this process.     

The effects of globalization phenomena on educational concepts

It is becoming more and more apparent that globalization processes represent, theoretically as well as practically, a challenge for educational sciences and therefore, it must be addressed within the sphere of education. Accordingly, educational conceptions have to adapt to globafization phenomena and focus more on alternative and innovative educational concepts. The observable phenomena that appear as part of globalization then lead to the following question： Is there still space for educational concepts like emancipation, self-determination, equal opportunities and fairness in distribution, democracy and common sense？ The most indispensable tools for the development of equitable and peaceful contemporary education perspectives are a differentiated reflection on globalization phenomena and consequences, an intensive analysis and disclosure to address （global） conflict lines, the questioning of well-established concepts, the formation and embodiment of visions of the global future and the articulation of innovative education concepts. Modern social and political structures and practices have to be reoriented to combat the negative effects of globalization processes through the incorporation of more humane, socially fair and ecological principles. Educational science is sure to make an important contribution in making this a reality.     

The use of music to teach life skills to students with emotional disabilities in the classroom

This article discusses the teaching of life skills to urban American youths who are highly fascinated with the hip-hop culture--songs, raps, miming, lyrics, dressing and musical rhythms, especially individuals with emotional disabilities in the public schools. This is an instructional curriculum strategy to encourage positive and active participation of these students, promote perfect school attendance, encourage good behaviors, deal with anger management and motivate committed learning in the classroom. The instructors＇ understanding of students＇ culture, learning needs and styles, and using such background knowledge to educate them become imperative in this setting. These urge for innovative and leadership projects in the author＇s special education classroom necessitated the application of hip-hop music to teach life skills, reading and other functional skills in the classroom. The outcome was positive and rewarding to both the teachers and students. There are recommendations for interested teachers to devise creative teaching methods, differentiated instruction and appropriate classroom management practices to attain student achievement.     

Inclusive education： Proclamations or reality （primary school teachers＇ view）

This paper deals with 2 focal points of inclusive education, which is the integral segment of the current education reform in the Bosnia and Herzegovina： its position in various proclamations and in primary school teachers＇ reality, i.e., legislative aspects vs. everyday situation in primary schools. The survey research was carried out through the 5-level Liken scale, on the sample of 105 primary school teachers working in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton （specific for its education reform implementation）. The aim was to examine the attitudes of the direct implementators of the education reform and the inclusive education （2003-2009）--primary school teachers, with particular reference to： teachers＇ acquaintance with inclusive education requirements; their involvement in its designing, planning and organization; relevant professional education; school preparedness for inclusive education; level of partnership with relevant subjects; and evaluation of the inclusive education implementation. The results obtained have indicated exactly the lack of the mentioned as the main issues of the implementation of inclusive education within compulsory primary schools in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton. Therefore, this paper gives a kind of guidelines for the improvement of the inclusive education, derived directly from the teachers＇ everyday experiences, problems, proposals, notes and suggestions.     

Measuring success： Evaluating educational programs

This paper reveals a new evaluation model, which enables educational program and project managers to evaluate their programs with a simple and easy to understand approach. The ＂index of success model＂ is comprised of five parameters that enable to focus on and evaluate both the implementation and results of an educational program. The integration of these parameters forms a complete and comprehensive picture, which in turn provides the most information on the success or failure of the program. The parameters are： （1） the relevance index, referring to an evaluation of predefined objectives; （2） the efficiency index, referring to the fiscal efficiency of the program; （3） the effectiveness index evaluating the attainment of the program＇s objectives; （4） the impact index gauging the effect on the consumers, for whom the program is undertaken; and （5） the final parameter is the program＇s sustainability index. Since Israel＇s education strategy currently leans towards site-based monitoring and evaluation, such a model can potentially be of great help to school management and staff.     

Downtown Elementary School （DES）： The unique school that juxtaposes both magnet and professional development school （PDS） programs

The objective of this paper is to explore the operation of magnet and professional development school （PDS） programs in a real life situation using an ethnographic study of Downtown Elementary School （DES-a pseudonym） that simultaneously operates as a PDS and a magnet school. The author spent almost three years at DES, located in the Southern United States, collecting data through participant observation, interviewing, and document collection. The purpose is to provide answers to compelling questions such as： What does it mean to have both magnet and PDS programs operating simultaneously in the same school as in the case of DES？ What can be learned from the experiences of the unique school-DES？ The paper provides an outline of both magnet and PDS programs and their operations at DES and analyzes how these programs are interrelated and intertwined. Some of the outcomes indicate that DES is about the only school in its locality that juxtaposes two innovative school reform programs. These programs impede each other＇s progress sometimes and in some cases feed off each other. There is a lot to be learned from the unique experiences of DES. Coupled with other conclusions, the author concludes that, PDSs, as school restructuring projects are intertwined with magnet schools＇ reform activity which is motivated by the drive to provide equity of opportunity to learn, particularly for poor, minority and black students in mostly urban areas who are at a disadvantage for various reasons. The final section of the paper takes a critical look at the issues at stake through the lens of critical multiculturalism.