数字创新生态系统视角下多主体协同利益分配研究

随着数字技术、社交媒体和虚拟社群等数字平台的不断涌现,如何分摊多主体协同利益、保证异质性主体高效的协同合作已经成为当前亟需解决的问题。该研究以数字创新生态系统视角下多主体协同为背景,依据“主体意向协同阶段—主体协同博弈阶段—综合评估协同阶段”理论逻辑,设计数字创新生态系统视角下多主体协同利益分配机制,基于三阶段动态利益分配模型,通过模糊合作博弈检验多因素贡献对多主体利益分配的影响作用,从而为多主体协同利益分配提供可靠的决策行动。研究结果表明：要素贡献系数、协同效应度正向影响数字创新生态系统主体合作收益,而成本系数对其影响甚微。协同博弈下的利益分配机制保证了主体合作的稳定性;其相比于协同观望阶段时的利益分配更公平、更合理。研究结论拓展了利益分配机制在数字创新生态系统主体协同领域的应用情境,为主体协同制订利益分配战略、消除资源隔阂、开拓价值空地提供了新思路。     

期权-博弈方法在产学研协同创新利益分配中的应用

将期权和博弈作为整体方法研究产学研协同创新的多方利益分配问题。根据各投资阶段的期权种类并基于实物期权的复合性,采用三叉树期权定价模型评估不同合作方式下项目的复合实物期权收益,运用合作博弈理论研究期权收益如何在各主体间进行分配。采用初等无穷小量阶数估计以及随机分析法求解得到的三叉树期权定价模型,考虑战略决策和管理柔性的价值,与Shapley值法结合并改进该方法在分配合作剩余时忽略风险的不足,并确保按各方贡献程度划分收益。     

基于建筑信息模型的协同建设项目多层次多阶段利益分配机制——设计采购施工模式情景下

设计采购施工(EPC)模式与建筑信息模型(BIM)融合应用于项目建设能够有效带动建筑行业的转型升级,但不成熟的利益分配机制却阻碍了二者的推广与应用.鉴于此,依据EPC模式下的二元管理制度提出基于宏观层面的两层次利益分配机制,依据BIM在项目全寿命周期的应用特点提出基于微观层面的三阶段利益分配机制.研究结果表明:以委托代理理论为基础构建的第一层次利益分配模型,能够保证在业主与总承包商之间信息不对称情形下实现基于BIM的单阶段静态利益分配的公平性与效率性;以重要程度、合作程度以及贡献有效度为依据构建的第二层次利益分配模型,能够保证在总承包商与各分包商之间协同合作情形下实现基于BIM的多阶段动态利益分配的有效性与合理性.最后,提出大中型复杂工程项目建设应签订"固定总价+项目优化奖励"合同、制定柔性利益分配制度,国家提供优惠政策、完善并规范BIM资质认证制度,企业重视并加大BIM应用投入等对策建议.     

基于合作博弈的跨组织技术创新利益分配机制

针对由投入资源类型不同的多家企业和高校组成的跨组织技术创新合作的稳定性问题,基于合作博弈理论对合作内部利益分配机制、投入资源数量进行研究.通过构建企业和高校技术创新合作的利益模型,分析各组织资源投入数量对合作利益的影响,应用算例证明基于Shapley值法利益分配机制满足分配有效性以及参与合作个体合理性,且在给定合作条件下参与各方可以通过数值仿真模拟合作情形,并对各参数进行敏感度分析,通过数值实例验证理论推导结果.研究表明:(1)跨组织技术创新合作效应θo≥-2θ时各组织可以通过合作获益;(2)Shapley值法的利益分配机制保证了合作的稳定性;(3)政府的补贴力度、要素贡献系数、协同效应度、跨组织效应正向影响合作收益,而成本系数产生负向影响.由此,在跨组织技术创新合作实践中,当且仅当跨组织效应满足θo≥-2θ,企业或高校可以选择加入跨合作,并采取Shapley值法的利益分配机制且注意保持密切沟通,同时政府应对参与合作的企业和高校提供补贴.     

Partnering模式下工程建设合作方的利益分配

Partnering模式能够为工程建设各参与方创造共享价值,而共享价值如何在开发商、承包商、分包商间进行分配尚处于探索阶段。从开发商、承包商及分包商三方博弈的视角探讨项目合作策略和战略合作策略下的利益分配模式。项目合作策略下,若各参与方势力不对等,则会采取主导-跟随型博弈模式进行分配,三方分配份额相差悬殊;若各方势力对等,则会采取较为平等的纳什谈判模式进行分配,三方分配份额较为均衡。采取战略合作策略的各相关方会采取合作博弈策略,其利益分配适宜采取风险调整的夏普利值法。研究结果有助于合理化工程建设合作方的利益分配,提高其后续运行绩效。     

Partnering模式下工程建设各相关方利益分配研究

Partnering模式能够为工程建设各参与方创造共享价值,而共享价值如何在开发商、承包商、分包商间进行分配尚处于探索阶段。本文从开发商、承包商及分包商三方博弈的视角,探讨了项目合作策略和战略合作策略下的利益分配模式。项目合作策略下,若各参与方势力不对等,则会采取主导—跟随型博弈模式进行分配,三方分配份额相差悬殊,若各方势力对等,则会采取较为平等的纳什谈判模式进行分配,三方分配份额较为均衡。采取战略合作策略的各相关方会采取合作博弈策略,其利益分配适宜采取风险调整的夏普利值法。研究结果有助于合理化工程建设合作方的利益分配,提高其后续运行绩效。     

新型研发组织运行治理的多层次利益分配与激励机制——以江苏省产业技术研究院及其40家专业研究所为例

大量研究表明,新型研发组织具有突破"制度高墙"和跨越"死亡之谷"的重要功能与意义,然而研究新型研发组织可持续运行的内在动力机制的文献并不多见。本文通过对江苏省产业技术研究院及其40家专业研究所运行逻辑进行剖析,尝试提出新型研发组织运行治理多层嵌套框架。据此,设计各方参与的利益分配函数,构建新型研发组织多层次激励协调博弈模型,从合作阶段和非合作阶段求解和推论发现:新型研发组织研发工作努力协调程度与贡献系数有关,与成本系数无关。各方利益分配系数影响整体收益,而它的大小取决于工作效率成本系数。专业研究所内部科研方与市场方的最佳努力水平与多种因素有关,包括双方的收益分配系数、贡献系数和成本系数。值得注意的是,科研方和市场方在扩大自身利益分配系数时,还要关注与对方的协调,以提高产学研合作的整体绩效。最后,提出新型研发组织多层次利益分配与激励的几点建议,以期对深化新型研发组织治理体系的理论研究和创新体系整体效能的实践发展具有一定的参考和启示。     

基于利益均沾和合作博弈的巨项目组织联盟利益协调研究

鉴于巨项目组织联盟各参与主体利益诉求点的冲突性和矛盾性特征,探索性地提出巨项目组织联盟利益均沾的理念(寻求各参与主体“共同把握的最大公约数”)及其数量刻画(利益主体的最大共同利益效用函数),建立利益均沾理念下巨项目组织联盟利益协调的平行四边形矢量合成法则,构建基于利益均沾和合作博弈的巨项目组织联盟利益博弈综合修正模型.实例分析结果表明:在利益均沾理念与统筹公平效率的原则下,基于基于利益均沾和合作博弈的的组合修正模型对于巨项目组织联盟的利益分配是公平合理的.实例分析表明该模型计算结果较为客观可靠,具有较强的可行性和有效性.     

政府规制对产学研生态技术合作创新及扩散的影响研究

构建政府、企业、学研机构间的生态技术合作创新博弈模型,重点考察合作创新过程中各博弈方决策的演化机理与影响因素;引入Lotka-Voltrra模型,探究竞争系数、政府行为对其合作创新成果扩散的具体影响,运用Matlab进行仿真模拟。研究发现,生态合作创新的超额收益、竞争系数分别是产学研生态合作创新决策与成果扩散状态的决定因素,政府规制则间接促进双方选择生态合作创新,提升创新扩散效率;政府高额征收污染税,适度给予生态合作创新补偿激励,能有效调节产学研双方的利益分配,促进实现"帕累托最优"均衡;政府规制下"强污染惩处,适度环保宣传"的政策组合,对产学研生态合作创新成果扩散的促进效果最为明显。     

基于共生理论-BP神经网络混合模型的工程联盟利益分配研究

讨论了工程总承包模式下施工方作为总承包方的利润分配模型,把项目参与各方看作联盟中的成员,通过结盟形成一个共生体,运用共生理论对联盟获得的收益进行分配。由于成员存在技术熟练性、市场环境等风险,以及在项目中所处地位不同,我们引入偏离理想状态共生系数。偏离系数是研究共生理论模型的一个重要参数,用BP神经网络算法对此参数求解,得到优化后的联盟利益分配方法。混合模型提高了各成员的积极性和工作效率,从而提高成员和联盟的收益。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.