产学研合作中专利侵权与防护的演化博弈分析

专利的侵权与防护是产学研合作成功的重要要素。通过对产学研短期合作中无惩戒与有惩戒机制、长期合作中的预期收益三种情况进行演化博弈分析,探讨了不同情形下演化均衡及相关要素。研究发现:企业的策略与其侵权的净收益、惩罚成本、长期合作的预期收益有关,而学研方的策略由防护收益与防护成本的大小决定;提高专利防护收益,降低防护成本,是有效激励学研方进行专利防护的重要手段;设计合理的专利侵权惩罚制度、签订完备的专利保护契约、加大信誉关系治理,是有效抑制企业侵权的重要举措;提高长期合作的预期收益是抑制企业侵权行为的有效机制。在此基础上,提出有效促进产学研合作的政策建议。     

基于演化博弈的高新技术企业创新风险防控研究

针对高新技术企业融资难与"圈钱"争议的困局,构建一个包括政府监管部门、投资者与高新技术企业的三方行为策略演化博弈模型,探讨三方行为策略的影响因素及演化路径,以期通过适当的制度设计与政策支持引导创新资金的高效配置,实现创新风险的有效防控,为实施创新驱动发展战略提供保障。研究发现:(1)当投资者的信息甄别成本小于投资收益且投资额度小于政府监管部门的惩罚时,演化稳定策略是政府监管部门采取严格监管策略、投资者采取参与投资策略、高新技术企业采取自律策略;(2)当政府监管部门采取严格监管策略时,惩罚力度越大则高新技术企业越倾向于选择自律行为策略;(3)随着投资者的投资额度增加,高新技术企业选择自律行为策略的概率逐渐降低。     

基金申报信息真实性的申报与调查博弈分析

 为杜绝基金申请时申请人的科学不端行为,通过建立完全信息静态模型和有限理性动态模型两种博弈模型,对国家自然科学基金申请过程中的申请人材料申报与基金委调查之间的博弈关系进行了分析。研究结果提出了在不同情况下,国家自然科学基金委员会（简称基金委）为消除申请人的科学不端行为应该采取的信息审查策略和惩罚机制。     

地方政府监管与稀土上游企业的演化博弈分析

地方政府监管部门和稀土上游企业是规范稀土上游市场的两个重要主体,二者的利益博弈具有一定的动态性。本文建立了地方政府监管部门和稀土上游企业的演化博弈模型,并运用matlab软件对研究结果进行仿真分析,研究发现,降低地方政府监管部门的监管成本,加大对稀土上游企业不合法行为的惩罚力度,增加中央政府对地方政府的补贴、提高稀土上游企业良好外部关系收益,有助于规范稀土上游市场秩序。     

生态经济视角下政府企业污染治理的演化博弈分析

本文分析生态经济视角下政府环境监测部门与企业在污染治理过程中的博弈行为。首先分析完全信息静态博弈分析的纳什均衡,然后扩展到群体有限理性下博弈分析,建立了政府监管部门和企业在各自不同的策略选择时的成本和收益函数,运用演化博弈理论研究了博弈模型的稳定性策略。分析结果表明:政府部门应该对企业污染加大监管及惩罚力度;企业应该运用更高的科技水平来降低污染物的产生及污染治理成本;加大政府监管失职处罚,强化政府监管职责;完善环境监管机制,提高政府监管效率,减少监管部门对于企业的监管成本。     

在委托代理模式下建筑市场监理方信誉控制研究

利用委托代理模型,分析监理方与业主的博弈模型,得出博弈双方的均衡战略,以及(包括业主对监理方的失信惩罚系数,监理方失信后隐性收益)对博弈双方的影响.指出通过提高监理方的失信惩罚成本,可以有效地减少监理方的失信行为的发生.     

基于监察博弈的推进公立医院使用基本药物的策略分析

政府监管部门有责任和义务对推进公立医院使用基本药物进行监督.通过建立监管部门与公立医院的博弈模型,以监管部门与公立医院如何在博弈过程中达成均衡为根本出发点,对单一阶段博弈中政府监督有效概率、公立医院按规定比例使用基本药物的概率进行分析,多阶段博弈中公立医院对政府监管部门监督行为的信念修正进行分析.探究监管部门如何高效的对公立医院基本药物使用情况进行管理.     

基础创新与最优专利侵权补偿机制

通过一个三方博弈模型,分析了产品差异化条件下利润损失规则和不当所得规则对基础研究型累积创新的保护作用,并在此基础上进行了最优专利侵权补偿机制的设计。结果表明,与不当所得规则相比,利润损失规则能够更好地保障专利持有者的利益。法院只有通过混合利用不同侵权补偿规制建立事前机制,对厂商行为进行间接引导,才能使社会福利达到最优。法院不应只是一个"仲裁者",也应是一个"引导者",在专利制度中发挥更加主动的作用。     

重大工程关键部件供应商合作机制研究

针对重大工程关键部件供应商的合作问题,基于演化视角建立供应商的合作博弈模型,分析双方合作的影响因素,并进一步构建业主参与下的激励与惩罚机制,对其影响因素进行探讨。研究结果表明,合作生产的超额收益与不合作时支付的租金的增加对双方合作有促进作用,合作投资成本与"搭便车"收益的增加则不利于博弈双方走向合作,投资成本的合理分担与业主参与下有效的激励和惩罚机制可以降低"搭便车"行为的产生,促进供应商间的合作。     

企业员工越轨行为惩罚机制的数学模型——一个理论框架

从行为博弈的角度出发,建立了基于"适时惩罚"与"适度惩罚"的企业员工越轨行为惩罚机制的一般数学模型,涉及到惩罚时点、惩罚强度和惩罚成本等多个变量指标的测度与优化,为企业员工越轨行为惩罚机制的设计和评价提供了一个基础性的理论框架,能够为企业管理相关领域的研究和实践提供定量分析与统计观测的新方法。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.