未来四川地区农业气候资源的时空变化特征

进行气候变化背景下四川地区农业气候资源时空变化趋势的预估可对未来应对气候变化及宏观决策提供重要的理论依据。研究利用区域气候模式PRECIS输出的未来A2和B2气候情景(2071-2100年)及基准气候条件(1961-1990年)气象要素资料,分析了四川全年和温度生长期内平均气温、≥10℃积温、日照时数、降水量、参考作物蒸散量和湿润指数的时空变化特征。结果表明,与基准气候条件相比,A2和B2情景下,2071-2100年四川省年平均气温和温度生长期内≥10℃积温呈升高趋势;川西高原年日照时数呈减少趋势,而其他地区以增加为主,温度生长期内日照时数呈增加趋势;A2情景下年降水量以增加为主,B2情景下年降水量有增有减,未来A2和B2情景下温度生长期内降水量在大部地区都呈增加趋势;年参考作物蒸散量和温度生长期内参考作物蒸散量都以增加为主;而年湿润指数和温度生长期内湿润指数在大部地区以减小为主。     

1970 年代以来锡林郭勒盟草地资源空间分布格局的变化

在多期遥感影像与GIS的支持下,构建了内蒙古锡林郭勒盟1975年-2009年的草地现状和动态变化时空数据集,进而开展了锡林郭勒盟草地资源空间分布格局、时空变化及其驱动机制的研究。研究表明：①草地是锡林郭勒盟的主导生态系统,总面积约17.6万km2,占全区国土面积的86%;在空间分布上,自东向西,草地覆盖度逐渐降低,草地类型依次为温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原;②锡林郭勒盟草地生态系统动态演变的基本特征为：以2000年为界,2000年之前,草地生态系统面积持续减少;2000年之后,草地生态系统的面积减少态势得到遏制和逆转,草地资源面积开始增加;③该区草地资源时空变化受到气候变化、人类土地利用活动以及生态保护和建设工程的影响：区域气候变化是本区生态系统变化的基本驱动力,人类不合理的土地利用活动对于草地退化起了推动和促进作用,而生态保护和建设工程的介入则缓解、遏制和逆转了本区长期以来的草地退化态势。     

伊犁河谷草地植被NDVI变化及其降水敏感性特征

作为西北干旱区的重要绿洲,伊犁河谷草地动态监测及其对降水的敏感性研究,对该区域草地应对气候变化带来的影响和实现可持续发展具有重要意义。基于2000-2010年的MODIS NDVI数据,采用像元尺度的线性回归方法,分析了伊犁河谷草地NDVI的时空变化特征,结合同期遥感降水数据产品,采用相关系数法和降水敏感性指数定量刻画不同类型草地NDVI的降水敏感性及其时空特征。结果表明,2000-2010年伊犁河谷草地植被整体呈显著的退化趋势,NDVI值下降速度为1.5%/10a,其中高寒草地和山地草甸的NDVI下降趋势显著,而改善区主要为温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性荒漠。随着草地改善程度增加,草地覆被变化的降水敏感性越强,表明降水是草地改善的主因。草地植被的降水敏感性与草地类型、降水的空间分异和年际特征有关。较为稀疏、生产力较低的草地类型(温性草原、温性荒漠和温性荒漠草原)的降水敏感性较强。降水敏感性与河谷降水时空分布有关,主要体现为越干旱的地方草地覆盖对降水的敏感性越高;年际特征上表现为越干旱的年份,草地覆被对降水的敏感性越高。     

中亚地区1982年至2002年植被指数与气温和降水的相关性分析

本文利用1982年～2002年间AVHRR-NDVI数据和气候研究组(CRU)降水与气温数据,分析了中亚5国21年来NDVI年际与季节变化特征及其与气候因子的相关关系.结果表明:①在植被生长季,53%地区NDVI年变化率＜±0.0005NDVI/a(无变化),40%地区NDVI年变化率＞0.0005 NDVI/a(增加),6%地区NDVI年变化率＜-0.0005 NDVI/a(下降):按照植被覆盖类型,除常绿林、高山草甸年均NDVI呈一定的上升趋势,变化率分别为0.0014 NDVI/a(P0.05=0.001),0.0009 NDVI/a(P0.05=0.001),落叶林、草原、作物、草原化荒漠NDVI没有显著变化(P0.05＞0.05);②年均NDVI与降水、温度相关性分析结果表明,49.00%的地区年均NDVI与年降水量呈正相关,52.33%的地区NDVI与春季降水量正相关,33.69%的地区NDVI与夏季降水量正相关,70.00%的地区年均NDVI与各季气温弱相关,仅17.78%的地区年均NDVI与年均气温正相关;6种植被类型NDVI与降水、气温相关关系为,常绿林、高山草甸年均NDVI与年均气温分别低度、显著正相关性,相关系数分别为0.432(P0.05=0.05)、0.557(P0.05=0.009);草原、作物与年降水量分别显著、低度正相关,相关系数分别为0.5111(P0.05=0.018)、0,476(P0.05=0.029);落叶林NDVI与夏、冬季降水量低度正相关,相关系教分别为0.415(P0.05=0.061)、0.461(P0.05=0.035);草原化荒漠NDVI与春季降水量正相关但不显著,相关系数为0.415(P0.05=0.061).     

基于HIMS的黑河上游山区径流模拟分析

基于HIMS（Hydro-Informatic Modeling System）,构建了黑河上游山区的分布式水文模型,取得了较高的模拟与验证精度,并在不同的气候变化情景下模拟分析黑河上游山区莺落峡水文站径流,结果表明：①HIMS在黑河上游山区具有适应性,日过程模型率定期和验证期Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数均达0.80,月过程模型率定期和验证期均高达0.97;②莺落峡站年径流量与气温呈负相关关系,与降水量呈正相关关系,气温升高和降水量减少都会减少年径流量;③降水不变情景下,气温对不同月份径流量影响不同,气温降低2℃时会加剧径流年内分配不均的程度;而在气温不变的情景下,月径流量均随降水增加而增加,但径流量年内分配格局未受到降水变化的显著影响;④不同气候变化情景下年径流量差异明显,对年径流量最不利的气候变化情景是气温升高2℃,降水减少20%;最有利的情景是气温降低1℃,降水增加20%。     

气候变化与波动对龙羊峡流量的影响及未来趋势的预估

本文从气候变化与波动的角度出发,分析了位于黄河上游的龙羊峡水库流量变化与气候条件的响应关系,发现气温、降水及蒸发的波动变化对水库流量有很大影响,依此关系建立了流量预估模型;并根据气候模式输出数据经降尺度处理生成的未来气候情景,对未来不同排放情景下龙羊峡水库流量进行了预估。结果表明:未来两个时期(2010s、2020s)龙羊峡平均流量均较基准期(1988年-2008年)增加,但在不同气候变化情景下,流量变化有明显的差异,其中A2情景下平均流量分别增加6.3%(2010s)和6.1%(2020s),B2情景下增加20.0%(2010s)和10.7%(2020s),据此,未来气候变化对龙羊峡灌区的可能影响将利大于弊,但仍具有较大不确定性。     

中国小流域径流对气候变化的敏感性分析

全球变暖导致的水文水资源问题越来越突出。为了预测气候变化对径流水资源的影响,本文利用全国469个小流域20多年年平均降水量、年平均气温和年平均径流量数据,细分不同的气候情景,分析径流变化对气候变化的响应程度。结果表明：一般来说,径流与降水变化趋势一致,与气温变化趋势相反,但是在局部地区由于温度的升高增加的降水超过蒸发的影响,径流随着气温升高反而增加;干旱地区径流对气温比对降水的响应更加显著,而在湿润地区径流对降水比对气温的响应更加显著;其中年平均气温11℃－15℃、年降水量400 mm---800 mm的华北地区,年均径流深对年均降水量的响应最敏感,而年平均气温低于5℃、年降水量低于400 mm的内蒙古高原西部及新疆北部的天山和阿尔泰山迎风坡低山地带,年均径流深对降水的响应最小;年均降水量200 mm ---400 mm、年平均气温6℃---10℃的内蒙古高原东部,气温对径流的影响最明显,而年平均气温16℃---25℃,年平均降水量800 mm---1600 mm的长江中下游地区、西南的大部分地区以及华东华南的大部分地区,径流对气温的响应相对不显著。     

SRES情景下青藏高原生态功能保护区水源涵养功能的变化研究

预估分析未来水源涵养功能对气候变化的响应,对制定适应气候变化策略和措施具有科学指导意义.本文以青藏高原国家级生态功能保护区水源涵养功能为研究对象,利用SRES A2和B2 情景下区域气候模式的气候情景数据,通过改进的LPJ动态植被模型,模拟了1981-2100年生态功能保护区水源涵养功能对气候变化的响应.通过分析未来近期、中期和远期研究区水源涵养功能相对基准时段(1981-2010年)的动态变化,结果表明未来SRES情景下,研究区总体上水源涵养功能在近期以增强为主,主要受降水量增加的影响;而未来中期和远期水源涵养功能受水分实际蒸散增加的影响而减弱的可能性则更大,并随着增温幅度增加而减弱程度加强.     

基于统计降尺度模型的博斯腾湖流域未来气温和降水变化趋势分析

SDSM统计降尺度模型是解决空间尺度不匹配问题的有效工具,它使气候变化响应研究得以在区域尺度上展开。本文将SDSM模型应用于博斯腾湖流域分析它的适用性,并对流域未来气温和降雨的变化趋势进行了预测。以日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和日平均降雨量为预报量,选取合适的NCEP大气环流因子为预报因子,建立预报量与预报因子间的回归关系。利用1961年-1990年、1991年-2001年的实测数据和NCEP大气变量分别对SDSM模型进行率定和验证,效果较好。把HadCM3输出的A2、B2情景下的大气环流变量作为模型输入变量,模拟流域未来3个时期(2020s、2050s和2090s)的气温和降水变化。结果显示,流域未来日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温都呈现明显上升趋势,升高幅度为:日最高气温日平均气温日最低气温,且A2情景下气温增幅略大于B2情景;冬季气温增幅最小,夏季增幅最大;与全国降水的增加趋势不同,博斯腾湖流域未来的年降水量呈现明显减少趋势。分析结果可为博斯腾湖流域开展气候变化的水文响应研究以及气候变化的适应性研究提供科学依据。     

2000年以来三江源地区水资源变化遥感调查研究

本文选取了2000、2004的TM/ETM影像数据,采用计算机屏幕人工解译的技术方法对三江源地区湖泊、湿地、冰雪水资源信息进行提取,并对2000年、2004年三江源地区≥0.5km2的湖泊作了专题调查.结果表明:2000年已萎缩或消失的湖泊,在2004年又重现湖泊特征;2004年与2000年相比,≥0.5km2湖泊面积增加9.2%,内陆沼泽面积减少1.90/0,冰川萎缩1.4%,河流面积减少1.3%.分析2000、2004年水资源与气候变化的响应,表明降水量对全区湖泊面积的影响较大,气温的升高是导致湿地减少、冰川萎缩的原因之一.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Stern-Gerlach effect goes chiral

Prof. SUN Changpu from the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics and coworkers from University of Basel in Switzerland have worked out a way --at least in theory --to split a beam of molecules according to their chirality. The technique involves passing the molecules through three different laser beams and is similar to the famous Stern-Gerlach effect, whereby a beam of atoms passing through a magnetic field is split in two according to the atoms＇ spin states （Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 130403）.