碳氧同位素在青藏高原新生代中晚期古环境研究中的应用

作为全球构造运动最活跃,最年轻的地区之一,青藏高原的隆升演化,古环境演变及对当今全球气候,物种分布的影响已经成为一个研究热点。碳氧同位素方法在研究青藏高原古环境方面具有非常重要的应用。在总结以前学者研究的基础上,介绍了碳氧同位素理论,列出目前运用在青藏高原古环境研究中的几个方面,从而具体理解碳氧同位素方法在青藏高原研究中的用。     

黄土与季风：跨越百万年的时空连线——记中国科学院院士、中国科学院地球环境研究所研究员安芷生

从中国黄土和古气候的早期研究到黄土、东亚季风和全球变化再到全球季风,他的研究从区域扩展到全球,将我国黄土、第四纪研究与全球环境变化科学相融合,他本人也从千沟万壑的黄土地走向了世界,成为蜚声国际的地质学家和古气候学家。安芷生说,自己只不过是走了一条再平凡不过的路。     

中国古陶瓷物理化学研究及其新成就

中国古陶瓷富含着历史、文化与艺术的密集内涵,它已成为全球共享的文化宝藏之一。中国古陶瓷还具有着极其丰富的科学技术内容,是陶瓷科学研究极其珍贵的宝库,通过学科理论和工艺基础的研究可以发展陶瓷的新理论、新工艺和新的品种。中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所陈显求研究员的研究组在国家自然科学基金的资助下创造了必要条件,并对中国古陶瓷开展了深入的研究,先后荣获中国科学院重大成果一等奖,中国科学院技术进步一等奖及国家自然科学三等奖,完成学术论文60余篇,并完成了《中国古代陶瓷科学技术成就》一书,获第四届全国优秀科技图书一等奖。     

惟学无际 际于天地——专访中国科学院副院长丁仲礼院士

专家简介：丁仲礼,中国科学院院士。现任中国科学院副院长,兼任中国第四纪研究委员会主任,中国矿物岩石地球化学学会副主任,国际IGBP—PAGES执委会委员。主要研究领域为第四纪地质学、古环境学、古全球变化等。大不自多,海纳江河。惟学无际,际于天地。形上谓道兮,形下谓器。礼主别异兮,乐主和同。知其不二兮,尔听斯聪。     

古陶瓷科学技术研究先驱李家治

李家治是中国古陶瓷科学技术研究的专家、世界陶瓷科学院院士、著名陶瓷技术史专家。为完成周恩来总理下达提高景德镇陶瓷质量的任务,他多次深入景德镇开展陶瓷研究工作,挖掘科技内涵,推动了我国传统陶瓷产业和中华古代名瓷技艺的传承与创新发展。后从事古陶瓷科学技术的研究,为现今古陶瓷科学技术研究和发展奠定了扎实的基础,推动了中国古陶瓷科学技术研究的发展。通过他的亲人和学生的口述回忆,查寻多地多处档案资料,尝试总结李家治在古陶瓷科学技术研究方面的学术成就和重要贡献,弘扬老一辈科学家爱党爱国、追求真理、献身科学的精神。     

中国产业的全球价值链参与和地位：一个文献综述视角

由于研究数据和方法选择的不同,已有关于中国产业全球价值链参与和地位测算的文献研究结论出现不一致的情况,影响对中国产业全球价值链参与和地位的准确判断。在“总出口增加值分解—全球价值链参与和地位测算指标—测算数据来源”的分析框架下,梳理相关测算文献研判中国产业的全球价值链参与和地位。研究发现,已有文献在产业全球价值链参与和地位演变趋势、制造业和服务业全球价值链参与程度和分工地位,以及不同技术水平制造业、生产性服务业和生活性服务业全球价值链参与程度和分工地位等方面达成了基本一致的研究共识;在产业全球价值链参与程度和分工地位的具体大小、服务业全球价值链参与方式、制造业细分行业全球价值链地位等方面还存在一定程度的研究分歧。     

MGⅡ古菌在中国近海和河口的空间分布特征

MGⅡ古菌是浅层海洋水体中丰度较高的异养微生物类群之一,在海洋有机质代谢中具有不可忽视的作用。研究表明MGⅡ古菌在边缘海比远海环境具有更高的丰度和代谢活性。然而,我们对于MGⅡ古菌在边缘海的分布特征仍知之甚少。本研究对中国四个区域(从南到北依次为珠江口、九龙江口、东海和胶州湾)表层水体的MGⅡ种群结构进行了研究,分析了MGⅡ古菌在这些区域中生境内、生境间的多样性,MGⅡ OTUs分布情况以及进化关系。结果表明:MGⅡ古菌在珠江口的多样性最高,东海和九龙江口次之,胶州湾最低。同时,珠江口MGⅡ的均匀性指标最高,暗示其较为稳定的MGⅡ群落结构。此外,珠江口的MGⅡ的多样性与其他区域具有显著差异。进化树分析发现珠江口的MGⅡ类群包含四个亚组,分布最为广泛,并且与其他区域有着明显的区分,而九龙江口、东海和胶州湾的分布相对紧凑,相互之间的MGⅡ类群有交叉。研究珠江口MGⅡ生态功能的特异性有助于进一步理解MGⅡ古菌在全球边缘海的分布特征及其生态功能。     

对21世纪中国湖泊环境变化的思考

通过介绍国内外湖泊演变研究、古湖泊研究计划、古水文数据与气候水文模型模拟等研究现状和动态,从数据和模型方面对我国在２１世纪的湖泊环境演变的研究提出初步的建议和设想。     

关于中国全球环境变化人文因素研究发展方向的思考

人类如何合理管理“地球生命支撑系统”，以满足人类对可持续发 展的追求，是 全球环境变化（Global Environmental Change, 简称GEC）研究必须回答的问题。国际全球\\\\\\r 环境变化人文因素计划（International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environ mental Change，简称IHDP）侧重于全球环境变化的人文因素（Human Dimensions of Globa l Environmental Change，简称HDGEC）研究方面。本文在对国际HDGEC研究发展大势进行科 学判断的基础上，概述了中国在HDGEC研究方面的进展，分析了我国HDGEC研究面临的挑战和 机遇，探 讨了我国HDGEC研究的未来发展走势。我国HDGEC研究应根据国情，着眼全球，把 握趋势与时机，在重大研究问题、能力建设等方面有所发展、突破。     

从个人品性修养方面看孔夫子和毛泽东的联系

孔夫子是中国封建社会的"圣人",毛泽东可称为中国现代的"圣人",一古一令,两位"圣人"对中国社会产生的影响是不言而喻的.因此,在研究两位"圣人"之间的关系时,应有一个较为全面的、具体的了解,增加时两者个人品性修养方面的梳理和论析是非常有必要的.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Stern-Gerlach effect goes chiral

Prof. SUN Changpu from the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics and coworkers from University of Basel in Switzerland have worked out a way --at least in theory --to split a beam of molecules according to their chirality. The technique involves passing the molecules through three different laser beams and is similar to the famous Stern-Gerlach effect, whereby a beam of atoms passing through a magnetic field is split in two according to the atoms＇ spin states （Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 130403）.