推行公私合作模式 政府是关键

<正>公私合作模式即PPP(Public-Private-Partnership),是政府新近推行的公共基础设施建设和运营模式。在该模式下,私营企业、民营资本与政府进行合作,参与公共基础设施的建设以及公共服务的提供。从逻辑上看,PPP模式大有好处,如拓宽民间资本获利空间、减少政府负债,特别是在公共设施建设融资和稳增长方面是一个创新。然而与政府的热衷相比,民间资本对PPP却相对保持冷静,甚至说有一定程度的"遇冷",政府推出     

财政风险视角下PPP模式理论综述探析

PPP模式是指政府和社会资本在基础设施及公共服务领域建立的一种长期合作关系,双方以特许经营权为基础,以合同来约定和明确各自的权利和义务,最终预期使合作各方达到比单独行动更为有利的结果。文章从财政风险视角下探讨了PPP模式在我国的发展历程,深入剖析了PPP模式下财政风险的成因。     

水利基础设施PPP项目剩余控制权优化配置模型

PPP模式下,公私双方控制权的合理配置与合作效率密切相关。针对PPP合作过程中公共部门和私人部门的能力差异性、目标差异性以及水利基础设施不确定性大的特点,结合不完全契约理论建立激励约束视角下水利PPP项目剩余控制权的优化配置模型;基于该模型,分析私人部门的投资额度、股权比例、技术水平、管理能力,以及公共部门的协调、监管、社会收益期望值等因素与剩余控制权配置比例的关系,进而提出一系列基于剩余控制权优化配置的激励约束方案。为PPP模式下公私双方的剩余控制权优化配置提供理论和应用依据,完善和补充PPP模式契约机制设计理论。     

基于PPP(公私合作)视角的科技资源共享服务机制研究——以重庆为例的分析

研究发现,现有科技资源共享服务管理出现问题的根源在于未正确处理好科技资源"公共品"和"私人品"的双重价值属性矛盾。基于此,以重庆为例,充分考虑科技基础资源双重价值属性,结合国家鼓励社会资本参与科研基础设施社会化服务的政策要求,从PPP(公私合作)的视角,构建科技资源共享服务管理模式,建立保证该模式成功运行的成本收益分配机制、协调管理机制、资源整合机制、回报机制、激励与约束机制和相应制度。     

浅析PPP模式下高速公路风险分担机制

正一、PPP模式的相关理论(一)PPP模式的定义PPP(Public-Private-Partnership)即"公私合营",是基础设施和公共服务供给领域的重要创新,通过参与主体的多方合作,能够充分优化资源配置,实现"一个项目,多方赢利"的理念。PPP的定义具有狭义和广义之分。狭义的PPP是指政府引入私营部门组成的特殊项目机构(Special Purpose Vehicle,     

智慧城市基础设施建设的公私合作模式研究

智慧城市基础设施是支撑智慧城市可持续发展的基石,其建设水平直接决定了智慧城市的发展前景。本文提出了构建智慧城市基础设施建设的公私合作(PPP)模式,从已有、新建和改扩建智慧城市基础设施三种类型,给出了构建政府公共部门与民营部门合作的三条路径,并就监管、风险分担和合作伙伴选择机制提出了相关建议。     

浅析PPP模式在我国民用机场领域的运用

随着项目融资的发展,PPP(Public-Private Partnership公私合伙或合营,又称公私协力)项目模式开始出现并越来越流行,即:由政府与企业或私营商签订长期协议,授权企业或私营商代替政府建设、运营或管理公共基础设施并向公众提供公共服务[1]。本文拟对PPP模式在我国民用机场领域的运用作一个综述,并论述它的理论基础。     

基于政府和社会资本合作模式明晰科技资源产权促进科技创新的研究

在国内外学者对政府和社会资本合作(PPP)模式对科技资源配置效率作用研究的基础上,通过分析我国科技资源产权中存在的问题,提出在科技资源配置中引入PPP模式,明晰科技资源产权,优化科技资源配置效率,促进科技创新。PPP模式在科技资源配置中通过"实置"科技资源产权主体、扩展产权客体、界定产权结构、整合科技资源收益权-控制权及剩余索取权-剩余控制权,实现科技资源组织形式上"量"与"质"统一、"公"控"私"管相结合,进而规范科技资源市场化行为,降低交易费用,加速科技资源共享,激发科技创新。     

浅析义务教育领域的公私合作关系(PPP)模式

公私合作关系(PPP)模式在中国已有三十余年的发展,运用PPP模式,鼓励、引导社会资本投入到义务教育领域,可以有效改善当前义务教育提供不均衡的局面,办学和投资主体的多元化,也使得教育市场更繁荣。应当注意的是,在义务教育领域引入PPP模式的同时,要对其风险有清晰的认识。     

生态补偿背景下生态建设公私合作模式的运作机制北大核心CSSCI

公私合作模式是创新生态补偿融资运营的新模式,可缓解生态补偿中政府进行生态建设的财政压力,二者在领域发展和国家政策方面高度耦合。理顺运作流程、选择各阶段的适宜模式、明确"政府主导、私企参与"的角色定位,是生态补偿中公私合作模式项目运行的关键因素。其中,生态补偿资金是与其他领域公私合作模式项目的区别所在,也是提高生态建设中公私合作模式落地率的关键。此外,做好风险防范、模式差异化、健全法律法规,可保障生态补偿中公私合作模式的顺利开展。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.