辽宁省激流回旋男子划艇运动员初级选材研究

通过专家访谈法确定了激流回旋男子划艇项目初级选材指标,运用实验法对辽宁省7名男子划艇集训队员进行了检测,结果是身体形态与静水男子划艇相似,大多数运动员机能较好,基础运动能力较强。     

国家皮划艇激流回旋队参加雅典奥运会的竞技形势与赛前训练组织

雅典奥运会皮划艇激流回旋项目的参赛资格分布客观反映了该项目"以欧洲为核心的四强领先与列强纷争"的世界竞技格局。在我国取得参赛资格的两个单项中,女子皮艇运动员有望进入前八名,而男子双人划艇面临的困难会更大。在组织赛前训练时,我们要以专项体能为主线进一步强化运动员的体能并贯彻始终,进一步提高运动员各项技术的精细化程度,着力提高运动员的心理稳定性及应变能力。     

贵州皮划艇激流回旋项目现状分析及发展思考

激流皮划艇运动在1992年西班牙巴塞罗那奥运会上正式加入奥运竞技大家庭，我国于1999年正式开展激流回旋项目。目前世界上法国、德国、斯洛伐克等国家的水平较高，在2004年雅典奥运会上中国皮划艇激流回旋队获得两个参赛资格，其中男子双划获得第十一名、女子皮艇获得第十八名，皮划艇激流回旋设男子单人皮艇、男子单人划艇、男子双人划艇、女子单人皮艇4个比赛项目，     

伦敦奥运会激流回旋皮划艇决赛信息比较分析

运用文献资料法、数理统计法和对比分析法对伦敦奥运会激流回旋男子单人皮艇、女子单人皮艇、男子单人划艇和男子双人划艇决赛的国家、最终成绩、运动员的年龄、身高与体重等有关信息进行了研究,认为当前激流回旋世界格局依然是欧洲主导,但分布较广;世界优秀运动员年龄及形态数据为国内选材提供了参考;男子双人划艇竞争最为激烈,其次是男子单人皮艇。     

皮划艇激流回旋项目特征的科学化探索

2005年以前，我国运动员在皮划艇激流回旋4个奥运项目（男子单人皮艇、男子单人划艇、男子双人划艇和女子单人皮艇）上的成绩，均未进入过世界前15名。通过几年的努力，在2008年的两站世界杯比赛中，获得男子双人划艇和女子单人皮艇两枚银牌，取得历史性突破。但北京奥运会上，国家皮划艇激流队最终仅获得双划第10、单划第11、女子皮艇第13、男子皮艇第21的成绩。与前期的快速进步相比，此次奥运会的失利看似偶然，但却反映出我们仍未真正把握激流回旋项目的本质规律，对其特点的认识过于简单和片面，同时也说明，     

关于划艇运动员力量素质的训练方法探析

划艇运动是一项周期性的竞速运动项目,要取得好的运动成绩就必须要有很好的力量素质——这需要多年的系统训练积累才能达到。本文主要针对划艇运动员力量素质的训练方法进行了探讨。     

对优秀划艇运动员下肢力量训练的探讨

根据划艇运动的特点,以优秀运动员下肢力量训练的构成要素及其组合方式的角度,重点探讨了划艇运动员下肢力量训练的方法及下肢力量对划艇运动成绩的影响.     

划艇运动员腰部鞭状弹性用力的技术分析

划艇技术的关键环节是运动员腰部和肩部,运动员腰部鞭状弹性用力技术的好球直接影响划艇运动成绩。运用力学四要素对划艇运动员中鞭状弹性用力进行分析,从而使划艇技术更加合理、实用、经济、以最大限度地挖掘运动潜能。     

中国划艇激流回旋队阶段性训练效果研究

运用文献综述、测量评价、数理统计和逻辑分析的方法,对中国划艇激流回旋集训队阶段性训练效果进行评价分析,结果显示,运动员的有氧基础能力和无氧耐酸能力均显著提高,而综合技术能力提高不明显。表明该阶段的有氧基础能力训练和无氧耐酸能力训练的方向和方法正确,综合技术能力训练应在下个阶段的训练中加强和改善。     

男子皮艇、划艇运动员膝关节等速向心肌力异同性探讨

通过应用Cybex-6000等速测试系统对12名男子皮艇运动员和12名划艇运动员膝关节肌力进行测试,以探讨划艇、男子皮艇运动员两个不同项目运动员膝关节肌力特征及差别。测试结果表明:划艇运动员跪腿、非跪腿股四头肌峰力矩在360°/s和90°/s上均大于男子皮艇运动员,而划艇运动员绳肌峰力矩与男子皮艇运动员无明显差异;而划艇运动员双侧绳肌峰力矩(90°/s)差异程度显著大于男子皮艇运动员;划艇运动员在90°/s的速度下测得的股四头肌/绳肌峰力矩比值(H/Q)要显著高于男子皮艇运动员;随着角速度的增快(90°/s→360°/s),并且划艇运动员和男子皮艇运动员股四头肌/绳肌峰力矩比值(H/Q)均随之增大;没有发现不同水平的球员之间膝关节等速肌力测试结果存在很大差异。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。