世界优秀赛艇运动员桨频与划距关系及其对艇速的影响研究

以艇速作为标准,采用系统分类与判别分析方法将赛艇各单项进行分层,对各层次中世界优秀运动员桨频与划距的关系进行相关分析与线性回归,并且探索了其对艇速的影响.研究表明,在各层次单项群内优秀运动员桨频与划距均存在高度负相关;桨频每分钟增加1桨,划距(按艇速层次从下到上)分别减少0.160 m、0.217 m、0.189 m、0.154 m和0.265 m;反之亦然.在各层次单项群中艇速随着桨频变化成倒"U"形变化,在自变量范围内各层次单项群间艇速的变化存在差异.研究认为,各层次单项群的优秀运动员中桨频与划距存在高度负相关关系,这两个变量在一定范围内变化能够提高艇速,并且存在最佳值,使艇速达到最大.建议应用不同层次单项群桨频与划距、桨频与艇速的回归方程诊断优秀赛艇运动员划桨技术,利用理想的桨频与划距搭配改进划桨技术训练.     

我国优秀赛艇运动员桨力- 时间曲线特征

赛艇运动中拉桨阶段的桨力曲线反映了运动员的发力特征，是专项竞技能力诊断的重要途径。根据国家队的测试实例，对不同艇种、不同桨位的桨力曲线特征进行归纳分析总结，对赛艇项目进行系列测试（桨频：35桨/min），结合专项认为专项技术较好的多人艇运动员大多采用A型；双人单桨项目中．领桨手倾向于采用A型桨力-时间曲线，一号位桨手倾向于采用B型桨力-时间曲线。不同桨频下的桨力-时间曲线特征可作为训练效果的评估依据，低桨频训练必须保持合理的拉桨速度和拉桨力量。     

皮划艇静水项目运动员冲刺阶段的技术类型分析

研究皮划艇静水项目运动员冲刺阶段的技术类型问题。文章从艇速的角度将皮划艇静水运动员在冲刺阶段的技术类型区分为：高桨频高速冲刺型、瞬间加速冲刺型、基本匀速冲刺型、减速冲刺型以及减速滑行冲刺型5种,并分别对这5种冲刺方式的特征和运动员的技术特点进行了分析。     

单人皮划艇500m竞速结构与竞赛策略研究

通过对我国优秀皮划艇运动员测试数据的分析，提出了基于桨频曲线转折点的皮划艇500m比赛竞速结构划分方法；根据全程桨频和船速的变化特点，对每个阶段重新命名，更准确地反映了皮划艇500m竞速规律；冲刺阶段桨频的增加并不一定意味着船速的提高，船速是否增长取决于平均桨力，它才是船速的最终决定因素；对世界大赛中分段成绩的进行对比分析；以我国划艇运动员杨文军参加世界大赛成绩为例，说明了竞赛策略的重要性。     

单人皮划艇500 m竞速结构与竞赛策略研究

通过对我国优秀皮划艇运动员测试数据的分析,提出了基于桨频曲线转折点的皮划艇500 m比赛竞速结构划分方法;根据全程桨频和船速的变化特点,对每个阶段重新命名,更准确地反映了皮划艇500 m竞速规律;冲刺阶段桨频的增加并不一定意味着船速的提高,船速是否增长取决于平均桨力,它才是船速的最终决定因素;对世界大赛中分段成绩的进行对比分析;以我国划艇运动员杨文军参加世界大赛成绩为例,说明了竞赛策略的重要性。     

国内外优秀静水单人划艇运动员的划桨技术比较

采用SIMI MOTION运动分析系统对中外优秀500 m单人划艇运动员的划桨技术进行运动学分析.研究结果表明:中国优秀艇的划桨节奏与国外优秀艇存在非常显著性差异,我国优秀艇拉桨阶段的时间与回桨阶段的时间比例为1.4:1,而国外优秀艇的拉桨阶段的时间与回桨阶段的时间比例为2.1:1;国内优秀艇途中划阶段采用的是大划距中低桨频技术,国外优秀艇采用的是中低划距高桨频技术;500 m单人划艇项目的成绩与桨频的相关性大于划距;国内外优秀艇的桨叶入水角度和出水角度较为一致,平均入水角度在55°左右,出水角度在35°左右.建议中国优秀单人艇适当地提高桨频,减小回桨阶段时间比例,优化一桨节奏,提高每桨划船效果.     

亚洲男子200m单人皮艇运动员划桨技术和竞速结构特征研究

研究目的:通过比较参加亚运会与全国皮划艇春季冠军赛的皮艇运动员划桨技术和竞速结构的不同,分析运动员在比赛中的技、战术特点,从而能更有针对性地提高优秀运动员的划桨技术和竞技能力;研究方法:通过SONY摄像机对2010年全国皮划艇春季冠军赛和广州亚运会的200 m皮艇项目中参加男子单人皮艇(MK1-200 m)的运动员进行全程跟踪与定焦定点拍摄,运用德国SIMI运动分析系统对MK1比赛中亚洲优秀代表队的划桨技术和竞速结构做出对比分析;研究发现,MK1-200 m皮艇项目中,参加亚运会与冠军赛的运动员在一桨划距指标上无显著性差异,在时间、艇速和桨频指标上有非常显著性差异;两组运动员的划距与桨频呈现出高度负相关,处理好桨频与划距的关系是运动员提高艇速的关键;两组运动员的出水角呈显著性差异,尤其是B组的出水角过小,划桨周期的时间较长,桨频降低从而使艇速下降,因此认为,桨的出水角不能过低。     

中国精英女子赛艇运动员划桨技术特点分析

目的：以国家队和赛艇优势省队运动员为测试对象，总结分析我国精英女子赛艇运动员的划桨技术特点。方法：27名运动员参与本研究，利用"BioRow Tel"系统测试五种桨频（20、24、28、32、36桨/分）下的划桨技术，测试参数包括划桨节奏、桨叶轨迹、桨力特征等。结果：拉桨时间百分比随桨频的提高显著提高；入水角、出水角和划幅在中低桨频下非常稳定，但在接近比赛桨频时显著下降；抓水打滑和出水打滑均随桨频的增加而显著增加；与桨力相关的参数对桨频的变化相对不敏感。结论：我国运动员较为注重桨叶入水和拉桨前段，表现出的技术较好，而在拉桨后段特别是桨叶出水阶段暴露出的问题比较大；临近比赛桨频时的技术同中低桨频时相比存在比较明显的下降。训练中要解决好拉桨后段和桨叶出水的问题，并注重提高运动员在比赛桨频时的划桨技术。     

国内男子优秀皮艇运动员途中划划桨技术与效果的研究——兼谈双机同步二维摄像法和皮艇专项分析系统

采用双机同步二维摄像法对参加2005年全运会预选赛的12名男子优秀运动员在500m单人艇比赛时的途中划过程进行了现场拍摄，并且运用自行研发并与摄像方法相适应的皮艇运动专项解析软件对所拍的图像资料进行解析。运用理论和统计学方法分析了途中划的划桨技术，拟揭示国内单人皮艇500m优秀运动员途中划的技术动作的运动学特征，以期从理论和解析数据两方面探究提高途中划划桨效果的皮艇技术的改进方向。结论：双机同步二维摄像方法和专项分析系统使用效果良好；根据拉桨过程中桨获得推进力的主要来源，整个拉桨阶段可分为入水升力推进时相、阻力推进时相和出水升力推进时相；拉桨时艇速的变化特征是分析划桨效果的重要依据之一；随速度的提高，后拉划距减小；最大艇速出现时刻前移和速度下降率增大，阻力作用于艇和桨的相对时间延长；在出水升力推进时相，减小划桨的水平速度，加大垂直速度，加大出水角，将更有利于提高艇速和划桨效果。     

基于伦敦奥运会的当前赛艇世界格局及发展动向

通过对伦敦奥运会赛艇比赛奖牌榜和积分榜以及决赛艇的比赛过程和运动员特点进行剖析,结合赛艇的项目特点和运动员生理特点,给出了伦敦奥运会赛艇比赛的世界格局特点,以及世界赛艇呈现出桨频高、冲刺早、冲刺距离长,战术多采用两头快战术,运动员具有大龄化趋势的发展动向特点;根据我国参赛艇和运动员的具体情况,以及前述世界赛艇发展动向特点,为我国赛艇项目的发展提出了建议。     

Estimation of the energy loss at the blades in rowing: Common assumptions revisited

Abstract

In rowing, power is inevitably lost as kinetic energy is imparted to the water during push-off with the blades. Power loss is estimated from reconstructed blade kinetics and kinematics. Traditionally, it is assumed that the oar is completely rigid and that force acts strictly perpendicular to the blade. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how reconstructed blade kinematics, kinetics, and average power loss are affected by these assumptions. A calibration experiment with instrumented oars and oarlocks was performed to establish relations between measured signals and oar deformation and blade force. Next, an on-water experiment was performed with a single female world-class rower rowing at constant racing pace in an instrumented scull. Blade kinematics, kinetics, and power loss under different assumptions (rigid versus deformable oars; absence or presence of a blade force component parallel to the oar) were reconstructed. Estimated power losses at the blades are 18% higher when parallel blade force is incorporated. Incorporating oar deformation affects reconstructed blade kinematics and instantaneous power loss, but has no effect on estimation of power losses at the blades. Assumptions on oar deformation and blade force direction have implications for the reconstructed blade kinetics and kinematics. Neglecting parallel blade forces leads to a substantial underestimation of power losses at the blades.     

对赛艇低桨频训练的探讨

阐述低桨频训练的理论依据，列举广东赛艇队通过低桨频训练产生良好效果的实例，提出低桨频训练应该注意的事项。     

划艇桨叶水动力测试研究

划艇桨叶的流体动力性能的规律是划艇运动技术的理论基础。在循环水槽中对划艇的桨叶做了系列的实验,找出不同状态下,各种流体动力特征系数的规律,经过数据的计算,作出系列图表,对图表和桨叶的流体动力参数进行分析,得出结论,并对桨叶在划水过程中的有效划法提出建议。     

Optimization of oar blade design for improved performance in rowing

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to find a more optimal blade design for rowing performance than the Big Blade, which has been shown to be less than optimal for propulsion. As well as the Big Blade, a flat Big Blade, a flat rectangular blade, and a rectangular blade with the same curvature and projected area as the Big Blade were tested in a water flume to determine their fluid dynamic characteristics at the full range of angles at which the oar blade might present itself to the water. Similarities were observed between the flat Big Blade and rectangular blades. However, the curved rectangular blade generated significantly more lift in the angle range 0 – 90° than the curved Big Blade, although it was similar between 90 and 180°. This difference was attributed to the shape of the upper and lower edges of the blade and their influence on the fluid flow around the blade. Although the influence of oar blade design on boat speed was not investigated here, the significant increases in fluid force coefficients for the curved rectangular blade suggest that this new oar blade design could elicit a practically significant improvement in rowing performance.     

A fluid dynamic investigation of the Big Blade and Macon oar blade designs in rowing propulsion

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the fluid dynamic characteristics of the two most commonly used oar blades: the Big Blade and the Macon. Scaled models of each blade, as well as a flat Big Blade, were tested in a water flume using a quasi-static method similar to that used in swimming and kayaking research. Measurement of the normal and tangential blade forces enabled lift and drag forces generated by the oar blades to be calculated over the full range of sweep angles observed during a rowing stroke. Lift and drag force coefficients were then calculated and compared between blades. The results showed that the Big Blade and Macon oar blades exhibited very similar characteristics. Hydraulic blade efficiency was not therefore found to be the reason for claims that the Big Blade could elicit a 2% improvement in performance over the Macon. The Big Blade was also shown to have similar characteristics to the flat plate when the angle of attack was below 90°, despite significant increases in the lift coefficient when the angle of attack increased above 90°. This result suggests that the Big Blade design may not be completely optimized over the whole stroke.     

优秀皮划艇运动员的比赛策略研究

分析了我国运动员孟关良、杨文军及国外优秀选手在奥运会的出色表现,发现优秀皮划艇运动员在比赛中多选择快速出发、中段匀速而经济地运动、最后一段增加桨频的比赛策略。     

对新款双人划艇跪腿支撑点位置的研究

自2000年以后皮划艇器材发生了变化,尤其是划艇从外型和尺寸都有大的改变。由于器材的变化,桨手划桨支撑点位置也发生了变化,和原先老式艇相比较发生了根本性的改变。支撑点位置改变和距离的不同,对新款双人划艇支撑点最佳位置的研究提出了新的课题。     

Improved determination of mechanical power output in rowing: Experimental results

In rowing, mechanical power output is a key parameter for biophysical analyses and performance monitoring and should therefore be measured accurately. It is common practice to estimate on-water power output as the time average of the dot product of the moment of the handle force relative to the oar pin and the oar angular velocity. In a theoretical analysis we have recently shown that this measure differs from the true power output by an amount that equals the mean of the rower’s mass multiplied by the rower’s center of mass acceleration and the velocity of the boat. In this study we investigated the difference between a rower’s power output calculated using the common proxy and the true power output under different rowing conditions. Nine rowers participated in an on-water experiment consisting of 7 trials in a single scull. Stroke rate, technique and forces applied to the oar were varied. On average, rowers’ power output was underestimated with 12.3% when determined using the common proxy. Variations between rowers and rowing conditions were small (SD = 1.1%) and mostly due to differences in stroke rate. To analyze and monitor rowing performance accurately, a correction of the determination of rowers’ on-water power output is therefore required.