基于课堂的整合性神经肌肉训练对14～15岁学生运动表现的干预效果观察

目的：探讨整合性神经肌肉训练设计对提高初中生身体素质表现的效果。方法：选择100名年龄14～15岁的初中生为实验对象,对实验组的学生进行为期12周,每周3次,每次15～20分钟的整合性神经肌肉训练,分别在干预前、干预中和干预后进行身体素质测试。结果：训练干预后实验组和对照组成绩都有不同程度提高。结论：体育课堂上采用整合性神经肌肉训练手段能够提高学生身体素质,以及对学生的动作效率和基本技术的掌握有着积极地影响。建议：在训练中改进训练方法,结合多种手段以期能更好提高体育课堂教学效果,同时提高训练效率减少无效的时间和等待。     

短跑训练神经肌肉功能重塑再生机制和科学监控研究进展

目的：神经肌肉系统将训练刺激转换为长期适应性变化的能力是短跑运动训练可塑性的重要生物学基础。本文拟对短跑训练诱发神经肌肉功能重塑和代谢适应性变化相关分子机制和最新研究方法进行系统分析探讨。方法：采用最新文献研究和前瞻性分析相结合的方法,本文对短跑训练神经肌肉功能重塑及适应性代谢变化的关键影响因素进行分类整理和归纳分析,并对代谢组学应用于短跑训练机体适应性变化及疲劳发生的有效监控和干预进行研究展望。结果：脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)等运动因子能够以旁分泌方式在调控肌肉卫星干细胞分化和神经肌肉系统功能重塑发挥关键作用;Ca²⁺离子通路及p53/PGC-1α、AMPK、p38MAPK等线粒体生物发生和能量代谢调节的关键分子是介导短跑训练通过表观遗传变化诱导运动表现提升和能量代谢稳态调控网络的重要靶点。根据专项特点有针对性地进行整合间歇训练、速度力量训练和连续循环训练的高强度功能性训练(HIFT),以均衡方式对神经肌肉及心血管多系统产生整体训练负荷刺激,能够更有效诱发BDNF表达和分泌,激活表观遗传学关键通路,在提高短跑训练生理适应性(氧利用率及能量代谢)及神经系统可塑...     

跑步经济性——神经肌肉因素与力量训练的影响

目的：分析神经肌肉因素与力量训练对跑步经济性(Running Economy, RE)的影响。方法：本文主要针对四方面进行了回顾总结：1)RE的测量和评价方式,2)神经肌肉因素对RE的影响,3)力量训练对RE的影响,4)耐力项目的力量训练安排。结果：神经肌肉因素是制约RE的重要方面,且力量训练相比耐力训练和和高原训练,能够通过提高运动单位募集水平、拉伸-缩短循环功能、肌肉肌腱刚度等方式提高RE,其应用前景更高。结论：耐力运动员需要更加科学化的选择评价RE的方式和提高RE的力量训练方法,以及力量训练在周期训练中的合理嵌入,从而提高耐力水平。     

高强度间歇训练对肥胖女性部分生理指标干预效果的研究进展

目的 了解高强度间歇训练(HIIT)对肥胖女性生理指标干预效果的研究进展.方法 检索整理2010年至2021年Web*0f*Science(WOS)核心合集和中国知网数据库(CNKI)的相关文献.结果 与结论 1)HIIT与肥胖女性人群的相关研究主要包含减脂、心肺健康、慢性疾病干预以及特殊高强度间歇训练模式比如水中锻炼...     

神经肌肉电刺激摹拟肌肉力量训练的生物力学研究

基于对电刺激作用于神经肌肉组织的生理机制和电刺激技术系统与电刺激摹拟肌肉力量训练效果的生物力学关系的基本认识和实验研究,得出如下基本结论:(1)神经肌肉电刺激摹拟肌肉力量训练的效果显著优于肌肉直接电刺激;(2)神经肌肉电刺激摹拟肌肉力量训练使肌肉收缩的速度力量、最大力量和力量耐力均有显著的增长;(3)神经肌肉电刺激在注重提高肌肉功能群的力量素质时,能较好地满足肌群协调能力的发展;(4)电刺激能以较低的体能消耗实现局部肌群的摹拟力量训练。     

不同界面上“Plyometric”训练对运动表现与肌肉损伤的研究进展及对运动训练的启示

采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等探究硬地面与非硬地(水中、沙地)界面上进行“plyometric”训练对运动表现与肌肉损伤的影响,并提出运动训练实践建议。研究发现:硬地与水中plyometric训练均可以提高运动表现,且干预效果相似;硬地与沙地进行plyometric训练,均可以提高运动表现,不同的测试指标反向纵跳、蹲跳、垂直跳的干预效果存在异同。水中和沙地相对于硬地面进行plyometric训练可以明显较少训练后肌肉酸痛程度,降低运动损伤风险。硬地面适应机制:肌腱复合体和关节的训练适应机制;神经-肌肉对训练的适用机制等。水中和沙地的适应机制:“离心-向心”转化速度;神经冲动与适应机制等。对运动训练的建议:在水中进行plyometric训练时,水面一般在身体的腰部-胸部位置,水温的选择一般在27°C左右;水中、硬地plyometric训练的干预周期介于6-10周之间,每周干预频率介于2-3次之间;组合界面plyometric训练的相关研究文献较少,需进一步研究论证;当在硬界面时,中等负荷量可诱导出最佳的效果;在进行Plyometric训练时,强度比量更重要,且小强度优于大强度;不同年龄、性别进行Plyometric训练时,要选择适应的训练手段,水中和沙地面可以作为传统训练的替换手段。     

国外力量训练研究的时空分布特点与热点

运用文献资料、数理统计、词频分析等研究方法,以Web of Science(WOS)数据库2001-2010年收录的有关力量训练的科技论文为研究对象,对近年来国外力量训练研究的时空分布特点与热点进行分析.结果显示:美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、英国等是力量训练研究较为活跃的国家(地区);肌肉肥大和神经系统对肌肉协调支配能力的提高可能是导致肌肉力量增长最主要的生理学机制;研究人员仍较多地关注传统的抗阻训练方法对不同人群腿部、臂部及胸部肌肉力量的效用.     

运动干预阿尔茨海默病机制的研究进展

阿尔茨海默症(AD)是一种由脑神经细胞凋亡而造成的不可逆的神经退行性疾病,众多治疗手段只能减缓发病进程,运动作为非药物性治疗手段对AD有明显改善作用,但运动干预AD的具体途径仍不清晰。目的为运动通过何种途径干预AD,方法通过关键词检索Pub Med、web of science、中国知网(CNKI)等数据库筛选相关文章,结果发现运动会介导免疫系统、神经血管单元、神经元凋亡及信息传递过程影响AD。结论发现运动干预AD可通过多途径共同作用改善AD。     

运动干预及营养联合对老年肌少症患者影响的Meta分析

目的:运用Meta分析法综合相关文献,从定量评价角度评估运动干预及营养联合对老年肌少症患者肌肉质量、肌肉力量和身体功能结果的影响。方法:检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普(VIP)数据库、Web of Science、Pubmed、EBSCO等数据库,严格按照纳入与排除标准选取文献,提取数据,进行质量评价,在Review Manager5.3软件上进行统计分析,效应量以加权化均差(SMD)的形式表示。结果:纳入文献共计14篇,其中实验组为运动干预的研究10项,样本量551;实验组为营养联合运动干预的研究9项,样本量542。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组相比,运动干预有效改善老年肌少症患者肌肉力量(腿部力量)[SMD=0.5395%CL=(0.35,0.70),P<0.00001]、身体表现功能(步速)[SMD=0.38,95%CL=(0.04,0.77),P=0.03]。结论:运动干预可以有效改善肌少症患者肌肉力量和身体表现功能,但对于结果不具有显著性的结果指标也并不一定没有作用。在这个领域需要进行高质量的研究来探索治疗肌少症的有效干预方法。     

运动对成长期骨骼肌神经营养因子水平的影响

目的:肌源性神经营养因子(neurotrophins,NTs)对神经肌肉接头(neuromuscular junc-tion,NMJ)的正常发育起重要作用,旨在分析NTs在成长期(离乳-性成熟)骨骼肌的蛋白水平特征,了解其在NMJ发育中的作用及运动干预的影响。方法:对3周龄SD雄性大鼠分别进行运动增强(跑台运动)和运动减弱(尾部悬吊)干预,测定并比较正常发育及运动干预下几种NTs蛋白水平的差异。结果:NT-3和BDNF蛋白水平在大鼠3～4周龄和5～8周龄各有一次峰值,NT-4蛋白水平不具备这一时间特征;运动组NT-4以及NT-3和BDNF在3～5周龄的蛋白水平高于对照组,悬吊组则低于对照组。结论:NT-3和BDNF对NMJ在出生后早期和青春期的正常发育起重要诱导作用。NT-4则主要与NMJ神经肌肉活动依赖性功能发育有关;运动训练可以在成长期促进NT-4以及出生后早期NT-3和BDNF蛋白水平的升高,从而促进NMJ发育成熟。     

整合性神经肌肉训练对运动员运动表现影响的Meta分析

目的：采用Meta分析系统评价整合性神经肌肉训练（INT训练）对运动员运动表现不同效应指标影响的确切效果,为促进INT训练在运动员训练实践中的应用提供依据。方法：截至2020年8月10日,检索Web of Science、Pubmed、Medline、CNKI、Wan Fang、VIP数据库中关于INT训练对运动员群体力量、速度、跳跃、平衡、灵敏协调等素质干预的随机对照实验文献,由2名研究者独立对纳入文献进行筛选、数据提取及质量评价,使用Reviewer Manager 5.3软件进行效应量合并、敏感性分析、亚组分析和异质性检验,运用Stata14.0软件进行Meta回归和发表偏倚分析。结果：16篇文献中108份研究纳入Meta分析,其低偏倚风险11篇,中等偏倚风险5篇,纳入分析总样本量809人。Meta分析结果显示：（1） INT训练对最大力量有显著性影响,对于受试者下肢力量促进效果优于上肢;（2） INT训练对短跑能力影响的合并效应量不具有显著的统计学意义,除Lindblom研究外,其他2项测试结果呈阳性,INT训练干预后,成年受试者短跑测试成绩明显提升;（3） INT训练对跳跃能力有显著性影响,训练周期和测试方式的差异可能是造成效应量异质性较高的原因;（4） INT训练对平衡能力有显著性影响,训练周期、干预频次/周和测试方式的差异可能是造成效应量异质性较高的原因;（5） INT训练对灵敏素质有显著性影响,性别、年龄和干预时间的差异可能是造成异质性较高的原因。结论：INT训练对于青少年组,男性组运动员最大力量水平产生更好的效应,且对于下肢力量促进效果显著优于上肢;对于成年组运动员短跑和冲刺能力的提升效果优于未成年组;对于成年组、女性组运动员跳跃能力产生更好的训练效应,总效应量随干预时间的减少而降低,且对于纵跳、单脚侧、前跳能力的提升效果优于多级跳;能显著影响并提升运动员单腿支撑平衡能力;对于运动员在变向、加减速度灵敏协调素质的提升效果明显。INT训练对运动员运动表现促进效果大小与受试者运动经历、训练目标的导向、干预的周期、频次和时间等因素密切相关。     

Exercise-based injury prevention in football

Injuries—a major concern in a high-intensity contact sport like football—are associated with possible short- and long-term harmful consequences for the individual, the team and club as well as for the whole society. Consequently, there is need for effective injury prevention in football at all levels of play, in all age groups and in both genders. The present review summarizes the current scientific evidence focusing on exercise-based injury prevention and presenting promising prevention strategies in different football populations and settings. There is convincing evidence that multimodal exercise-based injury prevention programs (IPP) can reduce injury incidence by more than 30% in athletes of different age groups and in both genders. Although relevant effects have already been shown for short sessions, increased frequency and regular integration into normal practice may increase efficacy up to an injury reduction of 50%. Most programs last about 15?min and can easily replace traditional warm-up programs. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that IPP beneficially affect neuromuscular performance parameters and biomechanical movement characteristics, which are associated with injury risk. There remains, however, a major gap between research on the short-term efficacy and long-term intervention strategies. IPP should be implemented continuously and with high fidelity as training effects are transient. It is crucial that future studies report implementation components in detail in order to facilitate the replication of successful interventions.     

5~18岁儿童青少年24 h活动研究:现状、影响因素与健康效应

目的:对5~18岁学龄期儿童青少年的24 h活动研究进行系统综述,总结并归纳现有文献报道的研究特征、研究方法与研究结果。通过系统检索,共有20篇文献纳入本综述,结果发现,平均30.84%、41.32%、45.04%的儿童青少年分别达到了身体活动、屏幕时间、睡眠时长3项指标推荐量,17.56%、46.16%、35.06%、6.85%的儿童青少年分别达到了0、1、2、3项24 h活动指标推荐量。男生的身体活动达标率优于女生,但男生屏幕时间指标达标率普遍低于女生。随着年龄的增长,屏幕时间的达标率显著降低。父母教育程度越高,其子女的24 h达标条数越多。并且,纳入的研究一致发现24 h活动的指标多项达标可以改善儿童青少年不同的健康指标,包括体重状况、心血管健康、心理状况、认知发展、生活质量以及饮食模式。     

5~18岁儿童青少年24 h活动研究:现状、影响因素与健康效应

目的:对5~18岁学龄期儿童青少年的24 h活动研究进行系统综述,总结并归纳现有文献报道的研究特征、研究方法与研究结果。通过系统检索,共有20篇文献纳入本综述,结果发现,平均30.84%、41.32%、45.04%的儿童青少年分别达到了身体活动、屏幕时间、睡眠时长3项指标推荐量,17.56%、46.16%、35.06%、6.85%的儿童青少年分别达到了0、1、2、3项24 h活动指标推荐量。男生的身体活动达标率优于女生,但男生屏幕时间指标达标率普遍低于女生。随着年龄的增长,屏幕时间的达标率显著降低。父母教育程度越高,其子女的24 h达标条数越多。并且,纳入的研究一致发现24 h活动的指标多项达标可以改善儿童青少年不同的健康指标,包括体重状况、心血管健康、心理状况、认知发展、生活质量以及饮食模式。     

Effects of a multifactorial injury prevention intervention in physical education teachers: A randomized controlled trial

Physical education (PE) teachers are at a high risk of musculoskeletal sports or work-related injuries because of the physical activity as inherent part of their profession. Such injuries have a negative impact on work and leisure time activities, and effective injury prevention interventions are needed. The present study aimed at testing the effectiveness of an injury prevention intervention that was developed and optimized according to PE teachers' wishes and values. Fifty-five PE teachers were randomly assigned to intervention or control group. Intervention group teachers engaged in two days of training during which they familiarized with eight injury prevention strategies (seven intrinsic and one extrinsic). A special feature of the intervention was that the way of delivery was based on the self-determination theory in order to stimulate participants' motivation to adhere to the proposed strategies. Prospective registrations during one school year were conducted concerning injuries and preventive behaviours. Results showed that the intervention group teachers had a lower number of injuries per 1000?h time of exposure (TOE) than the controls (INT: 0.49, CON: 1.14 injuries/1000?h TOE, OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.06–5.07), and applied a broader variety of strategies including dynamic and static stretching, core stability, balance and strength training, when compared to the controls who mainly engaged in warming-up. In conclusion, with the same amount of time, an injury reduction was found in PE teachers through a more balanced use of provided preventive strategies.     

Comparison of 10 vs. 20 min neuromuscular training for the prevention of lower extremity injuries in male youth football: A cluster randomised controlled trial

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 20 min neuromuscular training with a programme of 10 min in youth football players. 342 (15.4 ± 1.7 years) male football players from 18 teams were included, and cluster-randomized by team into two intervention groups. Both groups performed an injury prevention programme twice a week over five months using the same exercises but a different duration. The first intervention group (INT10, n = 175) performed the programme for 10 min, the second intervention group (INT20, n = 167) for 20 min. Primary outcomes were lower extremity (LE) injuries. Secondary outcomes were injury type, severity, mechanism and compliance to the intervention. 13 teams with 185 players were included for final analysis. No significant group difference was found between INT10 (6.37 per 1000 h) and INT20 (7.20 per 1000 h) for the incidence rate ratio of the lower extremities (IRR = 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.59, 1.79), nor for the distribution of injury location, type, severity or mechanism. The results show that performing preventive exercises for 10 min is no less effective than 20 min in youth football players. Shorter training sessions can, therefore, be effectively used for injury prevention.     

Effects of balance and resistance training in children, adolescents, and seniors

Background and aims

Over the last few decades, demographic change has affected the German population in terms of a decreasing proportion of young people and an increasing proportion of elderly people. Both age groups have deficits in motor performance in common, either due to maturation and secular declines (children and adolescents) or due to biologic aging (seniors). As a consequence, deficits in postural control and muscle strength can be observed in children, adolescents, and seniors. Given these functional limitations, it is not surprising that risk of falling and, thus, medical care is particularly high in these age groups. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to investigate whether resistance or balance training have an effect on intrinsic fall risk factors (i.e., deficits in balance and strength) in children, adolescents, and seniors.

Methods

Healthy prepubertal, adolescent, and elderly subjects participated in a series of longitudinal studies. Muscle strength of the lower extremities was assessed by means of an isokinetic device and/or force plates. Postural control was determined during quiet and perturbed stance on a balance platform, during unperturbed multitask walking on a pressure sensitive walkway, as well as during perturbed walking on a treadmill. In addition, activity of lower extremity muscles was recorded.

Results

Balance training significantly improved postural sway, the ability to compensate for stance and gait perturbations, and strength performance of the lower extremities in adolescents, and seniors, however not in prepubertal children. Resistance training significantly enhanced strength performance, but not performance in biomechanic tests assessing postural control in adolescents and seniors.

Conclusion

The investigated effects of balance and resistance training on postural control and strength together with data from epidemiologic studies imply that the combination of balance and resistance training is best suited for fall prevention, because it effectively counteracts a large number of intrinsic fall risk factors.     

休闲足球运动与中强度持续跑步健身效果比较的系统综述

目的近10年来休闲足球运动(RS)的健身效果成为国外学者关注的热点,而足球科学与健康的研究成果在国内较缺乏。通过系统梳理相关文献,比较RS与传统健身方式中强度持续跑步(RU)的健身效果,进一步评估RS的锻炼效果,为推动健康中国建设、丰富大众健身方案、普及足球运动提供理论支持与启示。方法通过检索、搜集PubMed、EBSCO-Medline、Web of Science、CNKI、万方等中外数据库相关文献,并进行筛选,共纳入12篇文献。结果在改善中青年普通人群静息心率、体脂、VO2_max、姿势平衡等方面,RS与RU的干预效果显著,且效果相似;在改善血压、瘦体重、跳跃能力、骨骼质量方面,50%的研究结果表明RS的干预效果优于RU。结论持续一定时间和一定频率的RS,在改善中青年普通人群的健康效果方面与相似强度、相同时间的RU相似,在某些方面可能更优;对于慢性病患者干预效果仍需高水平随机对照试验进行验证。应进一步推动RS在国内的研究,关注RS对儿童青少年健康的影响,研制适合不同人群的RS健身方案,进一步确定RS的健身效果。     

Targeting associated mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in female community-level athletes

This study aims to determine if biomechanically informed injury prevention training can reduce associated factors of anterior cruciate ligament injury risk among a general female athletic population. Female community-level team sport athletes, split into intervention (n = 8) and comparison groups (n = 10), completed a sidestepping movement assessment prior to and following a 9-week training period, in which kinetic, kinematic and neuromuscular data were collected. The intervention group completed a biomechanically informed training protocol, consisting of plyometric, resistance and balance exercises, adjunct to normal training, for 15–20 min twice a week. Following the 9-week intervention, total activation of the muscles crossing the knee (n = 7) decreased for both the training (? ?15.02%, d = 0.45) and comparison (? ?9.68%, d = 0.47) groups. This decrease was accompanied by elevated peak knee valgus (? +27.78%, d = ?0.36) and internal rotation moments (? +37.50%, d = ?0.56) in the comparison group, suggesting that female community athletes are at an increased risk of injury after a season of play. Peak knee valgus and internal rotation knee moments among athletes who participated in training intervention did not change over the intervention period. Results suggest participation in a biomechanically informed training intervention may mitigate the apparent deleterious effects of community-level sport participation.     

影响儿童青少年最大有氧活动能力的因素(综述)

儿童青少年在青春发育期前后,机体各组织器官的功能都在迅速的提高.儿童青少年VO2max的研究和测定,可以综合反映儿童青少年体格状况、有氧运动机能,是判断儿童青少年发育水平及不同环境因素对儿童青少年体质影响的比较理想的动态机能指标.通过综述了前人对儿童青少年最大有氧活动能力的研究,特别是影响其有氧能力的遗传因素、个体状况、环境因素和训练因素在儿童青少年生长发育期的作用和特点,使大家正确认识儿童青少年这一能力的发展,关心儿童青少年的健康成长.