二元与一元运动训练理论辨析

通过对二元与一元训练理论的分析认为,两种理论构建基础以及产生分歧的主要原因是对体能与技术关系的认识问题,特别是对早期训练专项化及专项化过程中体能与技术相互转化关系的认识。运动训练最终目的是发展竞技能力、提高专项运动成绩,体能与技术是专项竞技能力结构中的重要组成部分,体能与技术的高度统一是发展专项竞技能力的重要途径,而早期专项化训练过程中体能与技术的相互转化才是专项竞技运动能力发展的关键。两种"理论"在指导具体的训练实践方面应是相辅相成的关系。     

中俄男子高水平体操运动员体能训练比较研究

通过对我国十省市男子体操队教练员进行问卷调查、对体操专家进行咨询,并通过与俄罗斯体操训练状况进行比较分析,了解我国与俄罗斯高水平体操运动员体能训练安排的差异,结合体操发展趋势进行研究,为我国修订大纲和科学训练提供参考.从比较分析来看,我国男子高水平体操运动员各年龄阶段一般体能训练比例较大,技术训练和专项体能较低,特别是初级和中级前期阶段.俄罗斯修订大纲后加重了专项体能和技术训练的比重.     

优秀短跑运动员许嘉楠体能训练方法

从运动训练相关理论出发结合训练实践,总结归纳江苏省优秀短跑运动员许嘉楠的体能训练方法,即:在全面发展基础体能训练的同时,突出专项体能与综合体能的培养;日常训练中专项体能训练占比较大,尤其是腿部力量训练。认为:持续、系统化的体能训练对提高短跑成绩起重要作用。     

用“一元训练理论”指导青少年篮球训练的初步研究

1、问题的提出 传统体育运动训练理论是把“体能”（身体素质）与“技术”作为两个“元因素”，且足先“体能”后“技术”训练，在此基础上构建起来的理论，称之为二元训练理论。运动成绩在根本上是由“身体素质”和“专项技术”两种“元因素”结合而产生。其特点一是在所谓的“全面身体素质训练”阶段，只追求所谓的“体能储备”；二是由“令面身体素质训练”和“专项训练”两个主题阶段通过过渡与连接，构建“训练周期”。这种理论过分追求“全面身体素质训练”是基础，把体能与技术人为地分开。其实“体能”与“技术”本是一元的，但这个观点没有引起我国专家、学者、教练员的高度重视。我国青少年篮球运动员就是在传统二元训练理论的指引下进行年复一年的大量体能训练，是造成技术水平在高强度的比赛中发挥不稳定的根本原因。转变训练理念，变更训练思路，抓紧青少年篮球训练已成为当务之急，     

篮球运动员体能训练的探讨

体能是篮球技战术达到高水平的基础和保证,专项化训练是技战术达到高水平的手段和途径。体能训练中,重点是提高无氧供能下的速度耐力、最大力量和最大速度。技战术训练应注重提高训练的专项化程度,尤其是在大强度负荷下技术的稳定性和熟练程度。     

游泳运动员体能训练若干理论问题探讨

随着游泳运动训练水平的日益提高,现代竞技对游泳运动员的体能要求也越来越高.通过对理论的分析,从运动训练学的角度提出了游泳运动员体能训练的概念,探讨和分析了训练内容、训练原则和训练要求,建议教练员从一般性身体训练、专项体能训练和综合体能训练等方面来提高游泳运动员的体能.     

短距离速度滑冰运动员体能训练问题与对策

速度滑冰是将技术、战术、心理以及体能融为一体的冬季竞速项目,运动员的体能训练是技术、战术和心理训练的基础,研究我国进行速滑运动员体能训练的方法、手段和内容,为速滑项目提供可靠的理论依据.通过比赛实力分析,认为体能训练存在训练理念陈旧、缺乏系统观念,专项化训练过早、训练比例过大,训练计划缺乏针对性、时效性等问题.从力量素质、耐力素质、速度素质以及身体的灵敏性和关节的柔韧性等体能要素出发,提出适合我国速滑运动员身体构造的体能训练对策.     

浅谈国外康复性体能训练的一些理念和发展趋势

体能这一名词在竞技体育中广为提及，国内、外就体能的慨念和定义的描述纷繁多样，始终未有所统一。简单的说来，体能是运动员机体的运动能力，是运动员竞技能力的基础；体能训练与技术训练、战术训练、心理训练一同构成一个完整的训练系统（图1）；体能训练是运动训练一个不可缺少的重要组成部分。体能训练能够提高运动员的体能和改变身体形态，以适应专项运动和技术的需要，达到提高运动水平的效果。     

古典式摔跤运动员体能训练理论体系研究

对古典式摔跤运动员体能训练理论体系进行全面而系统的研究,认为训练理论必须从一般训练学层次深入到体能训练理论层次上来,这样才能真实地反映运动训练的内在规律.古典式摔跤是典型的体能类竞技项目,属于有氧代谢为主的体能项目.古典式摔跤专项体能是运动员能否在专项竞技运动比比赛中取得优异成绩的关键因素;建立体能训练的内容体系,应本着"需要什么练什么"的原则;在专项体能训练中应注意训练的渐进性、运动员的个体差异、充分考虑体能的专项性、保证反馈信息的及时性与全面性、整体提高运动员的各项体能.     

康复性体能训练的理念和方法

体能这一名词在竞技体育中广为提及,但国内外就体能的慨念和定义的描述纷繁多样,始终未统一。简而言之,体能是运动员机体的运动能力,是运动员竞技能力的基础,体能训练与技术训练、战术训练、心理训练一同构成一个完整的训练系统(图1),它是运动训练中一个不可缺少的重要组成部分。体能训练能够提高运动员的体能,改变其身体形态,以适应专项运动和技术的需要,达到提高运动水平的效果。     

对我国高等院校体育俱乐部的研究

越来越多的高校以体育俱乐部的形式进行了教学改革,但目前对高校体育俱乐部的研究存在着概念模糊、分类不准确、定性不明确等问题,结合理论与实践对以上问题进行了分析,并提出了自己的见解。     

论新生活运动正当娱乐中的体育

新生活运动历时15年,涉及到了国民生活的方方面面。娱乐作为生活的重要组成部分,也受到新生活运动的影响。为了纠正社会上根深蒂固的“烟”、“赌”和“娼”等不良风气,新生活运动组织十分重视对正当娱乐的提倡,对体育尤为重视。蒋介石本人在新生活运动周年纪念大会上专门提到过体育问题。体育活动曾被作为新生活运动的年度中心工作或者工作要点来开展。虽然最后对体育的提倡没有达到十分理想的效果,但确实引导了国民的健康观念。新生活运动组织还培养了数量不多的体育人员,为近代体育的发展注入了动力。     

Changes in repeated-sprint performance in relation to change in locomotor profile in highly-trained young soccer players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of changes in maximal aerobic (MAS) and sprinting (MSS) speeds and the anaerobic reserve (ASR) on repeated-sprint performance. Two hundred and seventy highly-trained soccer players (14.5 ± 1.6 year) completed three times per season (over 5 years) a maximal incremental running test to approach MAS, a 40-m sprint with 10-m splits to assess MSS and a repeated-sprint test (10 × 30-m sprints), where best (RSb) and mean (RSm) sprint times, and percentage of speed decrement (%Dec) were calculated. ASR was calculated as MSS-MAS. While ?RSb were related to ?MSS and ?body mass (r² = 0.42, 90%CL[0.34;0.49] for the overall multiple regression, n = 334), ?RSm was also correlated with ?MAS and ?sum of 7 skinfolds (r² = 0.43 [0.35;0.50], n = 334). There was a small and positive association between ?%Dec and ?MAS (r² = 0.02 [?0.07;0.11], n = 334). Substantial ?MSS and ?MAS had a predictive value of 70 and 55% for ?RSm, respectively. Finally, ?ASR per se was not predictive of ?RSm (Cohen’s = +0.8 to ?0.3 with increased ASR), but the greater magnitude of ?RSm improvement was observed when MSS, MAS and ASR increased together (0.8 vs. +0.4 with ASR increased vs. not, additionally to MSS and MAS). Low-cost field tests aimed at assessing maximal sprinting and aerobic speeds can be used to monitor ?RS performance.     

武汉市城镇居民体育消费现状的调查与分析

运用问卷调查和文献资料等方法,对武汉市居民体育消费水平、体育消费结构、体育消费影响因素、体育消费发展趋势等进行了分析研究。结果表明:居民对体育的功能和作用有深刻认识,但由于经济因素和传统习惯等影响,保守性消费观念仍占主导地位;体育消费的绝对水平较10年前大幅增长,但相对水平涨幅不大。     

2004年上海市竞技体育后备人才运动成绩比较分析

运用文献资料、专家访谈和数理统计研究方法,对上海市二、三线运动员2004年参加全国比赛前三名的成绩进行分析,并与部分省市二、三线运动员成绩比较。结果表明:上海市竞技体育后备人才部分项目在全国保持一定优势,但后备人才严重匮乏;未来几年比赛夺金人员缺乏;部分项目与其它省市有较大的差距;其它省市对上海优势项目构成较大威胁。     

Physiotherapy in Critical Care in Australia

A physiotherapist is part of the multidisciplinary team in most intensive care units in Australia. Physiotherapists are primary contact practitioners and use a comprehensive multisystem assessment that includes the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems to formulate individualized treatment plans. The traditional focus of treatment has been the respiratory management of both intubated and spontaneously breathing patients. However, the emerging evidence of the longstanding physical impairment suffered by survivors of intensive care has resulted in physiotherapists re-evaluating treatment priorities to include exercise rehabilitation as a part of standard clinical practice. The goals of respiratory physiotherapy management are to promote secretion clearance, maintain or recruit lung volume, optimize oxygenation, and prevent respiratory complications in both the intubated and spontaneously breathing patient. In the intubated patient, physiotherapists commonly employ manual and ventilator hyperinflation and positioning as treatment techniques whilst in the spontaneously breathing patients there is an emphasis on mobilization. Physiotherapists predominantly use functional activities for the rehabilitation of the critically ill patient in intensive care. While variability exists between states and centers, Australian physiotherapists actively treat critically ill patients targeting interventions based upon research evidence and individualized assessment. A trend toward more emphasis on exercise rehabilitation over respiratory management is evident.Key Words: physiotherapy, intensive care     

“体育强市”视域下上海市公共体育服务研究

公共体育服务是上海“体育强市”建设的基础支撑.“十一五”时期,上海市公共体育服务制度化建设逐渐加强,便民化设施不断增多,系列化活动初具规模,但仍面临着“制度设计”执行不力、“多元主体”供给失衡、“以需定供”尚未畅通等困境.在建设“体育强市”的过程中,应夯实公共体育服务基础,丰富公共体育服务内涵,培育公共体育服务多元主体,构建公共体育服务评价机制.     

Changes in leg kinematics in response to unpredictability in lateral jump execution

Abstract

Lateral movements like cutting are essential in many team sport disciplines. The aim of the present study was to analyse adaptations in motor control in response to task unpredictability during lateral movement execution. Twelve subjects performed lateral jumps with different landing modalities (stable, sliding or counteracting) that were either known (predictable setting) or unknown (unpredictable setting) prior to movement execution. Results revealed that regardless of the landing modality, hip joint abduction was significantly greater in the unpredictable compared to predictable setting. Furthermore, during the sliding landing modality, hip flexion decreased from 211 ± 7° to 207 ± 7° and knee flexion decreased from 26 ± 4° to 24 ± 4° at the instant of ground contact in the unpredictable compared to predictable condition. During the stable landing modality, the knee joint abduction increased from ?0.3 ± 6° to ?3 ± 6° after initial ground contact in the unpredictable compared to predictable setting. The present results support our hypothesis that pre-programmed motor activity depends on the predictability of the landing modality during lateral movements. According to its adaptation in the frontal plane and in some extent in the sagittal plane, the hip joint seems to play the major role in the modulation of the pre-programmed activity for successful lateral jump execution in an unpredictable setting. However, these kinematic adaptations are concerning since these changes were associated with higher knee abduction during the stable landing modality and therefore with possible higher risk of injury.     

论面向21世纪高等医学院校的体育改革

面对21世纪,高等医学院校体育教育改革应给学生全方位的体育教育,尤其要结合医学专业特点,提高选择和制定运动处方及指导监督他人体育健身康复的能力。