3周1550 m亚高原训练对优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员生理机能和身体成分影响研究

目的:探究3周海拔1550 m亚高原训练对优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员生理机能和身体成分的影响,并且提出针对性的备战训练建议。方法:国家越野滑雪集训队10名优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员[年龄(18.7±1.5)岁,身高(78.5±5.8)cm,体质量(66.6±4.7)kg]在亚高原(海拔1550 m)进行3周训练,并在亚高原训练前后对运动员的生理机能和身体成分进行系列测试。使用重复方差分析对运动员数据进行自身比较。结果:运动员由平原初上亚高原时,乳酸阈测试血乳酸浓度显著提升(P<0.05),最大摄氧量和红细胞浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。经过3周训练后,运动员的乳酸阈测试血乳酸浓度和最大摄氧量显著下降(P<0.05),全身总质量、上肢肌肉质量和下肢脂肪质量显著提升(P<0.05)。结论:由平原初上亚高原时,运动员乳酸阈能力和最大摄氧能力显著降低。3周亚高原训练后,运动员的乳酸阈能力和上肢肌肉水平显著提升,最大摄氧能力下降幅度明显。建议:在进行亚高原训练时,我国优秀青年越野滑雪运动员应当注重对心肺摄氧能力的训练,并且注意提升周平均高强度训练(high intensity training,HIT)训练总时间,以维持和提升最大摄氧能力。     

3周1550 m亚高原训练对优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员生理机能和身体成分影响研究

目的:探究3周海拔1550 m亚高原训练对优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员生理机能和身体成分的影响,并且提出针对性的备战训练建议。方法:国家越野滑雪集训队10名优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员[年龄(18.7±1.5)岁,身高(78.5±5.8)cm,体质量(66.6±4.7)kg]在亚高原(海拔1550 m)进行3周训练,并在亚高原训练前后对运动员的生理机能和身体成分进行系列测试。使用重复方差分析对运动员数据进行自身比较。结果:运动员由平原初上亚高原时,乳酸阈测试血乳酸浓度显著提升(P<0.05),最大摄氧量和红细胞浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。经过3周训练后,运动员的乳酸阈测试血乳酸浓度和最大摄氧量显著下降(P<0.05),全身总质量、上肢肌肉质量和下肢脂肪质量显著提升(P<0.05)。结论:由平原初上亚高原时,运动员乳酸阈能力和最大摄氧能力显著降低。3周亚高原训练后,运动员的乳酸阈能力和上肢肌肉水平显著提升,最大摄氧能力下降幅度明显。建议:在进行亚高原训练时,我国优秀青年越野滑雪运动员应当注重对心肺摄氧能力的训练,并且注意提升周平均高强度训练(high intensity training,HIT)训练总时间,以维持和提升最大摄氧能力。     

有氧能力、耐力与血乳酸参数

本文通过19名非训练男性受试者比较运动中血乳酸增加的4项指标与有氧能力和12分耐力跑成绩的关系。四项指标如下: 1.乳酸通气阈(LT):即在递增负荷试验中血乳酸开始增加高于安静水平时的摄氧量。 2.乳酸通气阈1(LT 1):血乳酸超过安静水平1mM/L时的摄氧量。 3.乳酸勇气阈2(LT 2):血乳酸(?)M/L时的摄氧量。 4.乳酸积累时象(OBLA):血乳酸达4mM/L时的摄氧量。以上四项参数和最大摄氧量(VO_(2max))分别是14.5±3.7,22.5±4.3,22.2±4.5,30.2±5.2,36.0±5.1毫升·公斤~(-1)·分~(-1)。12分跑平均距离为2356±160米。试验结果是: 1) 各乳酸参数(LT、LT 1、LT 2、OBLA)彼此高度相关。 2) 所有的乳酸参数与VO_(2max)及耐力跑成绩高度相关。 4 项参数中,LT与VO_(2max)相关程度最高,结论是:LT是表示机体有氧能力和耐力水平的最佳指标。     

力量训练对乳酸阈和耐力运动能力的影响

测定１２周力量训练对运动员乳酸阈（ＬＴ）和耐力运动能力的影响发现，力量训练组尽管跑台跑最大摄氧量（Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ）或踏车峰值摄氧量没有改变，但以７５％Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ强度持续踏车至力竭时间增加３３±５％（Ｐ＜０．００１）；５５－７５％Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ强度范围运动时，血乳酸浓度显著降低。耐力运动能力的提高与ＬＴ增高１２％相关（ｒ＝０．７８，Ｐ＜０．００１）。力量训练导致以３０°／秒速率，下肢屈和伸等张动力峰值力矩分别增加３１±５％和３５±７％，同时，腿屈、伸及卧推的＂一次最大测试值＂（１－ＲＭ）分别显著增加３０±４０％，５２±６％和２０±４％。结果表明，力量训练可提高踏车耐力运动能力但与Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ改变无关，耐力能力的提高可能与ＬＴ和腿部力量增高有关。     

木兰扇对老年人身体成分和心肺功能的影响

本研究选取温州老年大学老年大学和社区183人为研究对象，进行一年的木兰扇练习，每周3次，每次90分钟。试验前后一周内对受试者的身体成分和心肺功能进行测试，研究木兰扇对老年人身体成分和心肺功能的影响。结果显示：试验后老年人BMI、WHIL、体脂率都明显小于试验前；肺活量增大、每博输出量增、最大摄氧量和射血分数都明显增大，心肌的收缩能力明显增强。说明经常参加木兰扇锻炼能够提高老年人的身体机能，延缓衰老。     

试析运动生理学指标测定在体育运动中的运用

1、评定运动训练程度及训练效果。 通过运动生理学指标测定可以评价长期训练和短期训练的程度和效果。经常进行体育锻炼或运动训练，可促使人体各器官系统的形态、机能和调节能力产生良好的适应。比如长期训练对心血管系统的影响主要表现为：窦性心率徐缓；运动性心脏增大；心血管机能改善等。在体育运动中，我们常用心率、血压、血乳酸、无氧阈、最大摄氧量、睾酮、皮质醇等指标来评价人体机能的适应性变化程度。     

自行车女子50km团体项目的无氧阈训练与机能监控研究

目的：以广东省5名优秀女子公路自行车运动员为研究对象,探讨5周无氧阈强度的训练手段（10km×3-4组等）对50km团体项目运动能力的影响,并寻找此强度下身体机能的变化规律,同时研究训练监控方法在此训练中的应用。方法：用功率自行车进行递增负荷实验,测试训练前后最大摄氧量及相关指标、分析出无氧阈及其对应心率数值,同时将心率表结合测试的无氧阈心率及最大摄氧量心率综合运用监控训练完成情况。每周一晨测试血红蛋白（Hb）、肌酸激酶（CK）、血尿素（BU）、血清睾酮（T）。结果：经5周冬训后,最大摄氧量没有明显变化,无氧阈心率明显升高（P〈0.05）,运动至力竭时间明显延长（P〈0.05）;第3、4周Hb、T明显低于基础值（P〈0.01）,CK明显高于基础值（P〈0.01）;第3周BU明显高于基础值（P〈0.01）。3周与2周相比,Hb明显下降,CK、BU明显升高（P〈0.01）;4周与3周相比,Hb明显回升,BU明显下降（P〈0.05）;5周与4周相比,Hb明显升高,CK明显下降,T明显回升（P〈0.01）。结论：5周无氧阈强度的训练手段（10km×3-4组等）,可以明显提高50km团体的有氧代谢能力;身体机能变化趋势与运动负荷的变化趋势相同,训练强度较大,但机体能够承受,训练量还有提升空间;心率表和无氧阈心率及最大摄氧量心率综合运用,可以有效监控训练完成情况。     

无氧阈强度下健美操运动对大学生心肺功能影响的实验研究

为探讨特定负荷强度健美操运动对大学生心肺功能的影响,利用德国产Cortex 3B型号的心肺功能仪,对我校体育专业健美操专修班学生进行一年的无氧阈强度训练前后的部分心肺功能指标进行测试分析,实验结果表明：无氧阈强度下健美操运动可明显改善大学生的心率、肺通气量、最大摄氧量、氧脉搏、血压等心肺功能指标。研究认为,适宜的负荷下健美操运动可以促进大学生心肺功能的提高。     

对青年皮艇队员进行九周无氧阈（AT）强度训练的研究

１０名青年男子皮艇队员（年龄１６．５±１．２７岁），经过九周无氧阈强度训练后，测定了他们的血乳酸积累的起点（ＶＯＢＬＡ），最大摄氧量（Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ），最大摄氧量利用率（％ＶＯ２ｍａｘ），血清心型乳酸脱氢酶同功酶（Ｈ—ＬＤＨ），以及１０００ｍ划船成绩。与九周元氧阈强度训练前的数据相比具有显著性提高。本实验支持无氧阈强度训练可以提高有氧耐力成绩的观点。     

摄氧量动力学的指数函数方程及对工作能力的影响

摄氧量动力学反映的是运动开始后摄氧量逐渐增加至稳定状态过程的变化情况，其曲线在小于无氧阈强度时呈单因素指数函数方程特征，在大于无氧阈强度时呈双因素指数函数方程特征，即包含了乳酸成分。     

Effects of high-intensity intermittent running exercise in overweight children

Abstract

This study examined the effects of a 6-week intermittent exercise training, at different intensities, on body composition, functional walking and aerobic endurance in overweight children. Forty-eight overweight children (age: 10.4 ± 0.9 years) were randomly assigned to either intervention or control group. Lower and higher intensity intermittent exercise groups (LIIE and HIIE) performed intermittent running three times a week. LIIE performed more intervals at a lower intensity [16 intervals at 100% of individual maximal aerobic speed (MAS), 8 minutes in total], and HIIE performed fewer intervals at a higher intensity (12 intervals at 120% of MAS, 6 minutes in total). Each interval consisted of a 15-second run at the required speed, followed by a 15-second passive recovery. After 6 weeks, HIIE had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentage reduction in sum of skinfolds (i.e. calf and triceps), and significantly (p < 0.05) fewer steps during the functional obstacle performance, as compared with LIIE and control group. Significant improvement (p < 0.05) was found in intermittent aerobic endurance for HIIE as compared to the control group. Higher intensity intermittent training is an effective and time-efficient intervention for improving body composition, functional walking and aerobic endurance in overweight children.     

运动训练对原发性高血压病患者血压的影响

以递增负荷试验中出现乳酸阈值时对应的强度为运动强度,对11例原发性高血压病患者进行10周的功率自行车运动,探讨乳酸阈值强度的运动对原发性高血压病患者血压的影响,同时观察患者运动前后的体能、血脂、血糖及胰岛素的变化。结果显示:运动10周后患者的血压显著降低,体能及糖、脂代谢明显改善。提示:乳酸阈值强度的运动对于防治轻度高血压病及其并发症有一定意义。     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s: age 23+/-4 years; body mass 69.7+/-9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23+/-4 years; body mass 72.7+/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO2max, running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol x l(-1); and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO2max, running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol x l(-1) or the lactate minimum speed. In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO2max (from 47.9+/-8.4 to 52.2+/-2.7 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3+/-1.7 to 13.9+/-1.6 km x h(-1)), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2+/-1.8 to 11.9+/-1.8 km x h(-1)) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol x l(-1) (from 12.5+/-2.2 to 13.2+/-2.1 km x h(-1)) (all P < 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0+/-0.7 to 10.9+/-1.7 km x h(-1)). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed, when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.     

Affect and prefrontal hemodynamics during exercise under immersive audiovisual stimulation: Improving the experience of exercise for overweight adults

ObjectiveResearch on methods of improving the affective experience of exercise remains limited, especially for low-active overweight adults. We investigated the effectiveness of a virtual-reality headset and headphones in improving affective responses over conventionally delivered audiovisual stimulation.MethodsLow-active, overweight adults (16 women, 5 men; age: 34.67 ± 9.62 years; body mass index: 28.56 ± 4.95 kg/m²; peak oxygen uptake for men: 29.14 ± 6.56 mL/kg/min, for women: 22.67 ± 4.52 mL/kg/min, mean ± SD) completed 15-min sessions of recumbent cycling at the ventilatory threshold: (a) high immersion (HI, virtual reality headset and headphones), (b) low immersion (LI, television screen and speakers), and (c) Control. During-exercise pleasure and post-exercise enjoyment were self-reported. Oxygenation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) was assessed with near infrared spectroscopy.ResultsHigher pleasure was reported during HI than during LI and Control (Condition × Time interaction; p < 0.001, η_p² = 0.43). Participants who reported a preference for low exercise intensity showed higher dlPFC oxygenation during Control, but this difference diminished during LI and HI (Condition × Time × Preference interaction; p = 0.036, η_p² = 0.10).ConclusionCompared with conventionally delivered audiovisual stimulation, using a virtual-reality headset strengthens the dissociative effect, further improving affective responses to exercise at the ventilatory threshold among overweight, low-active adults. Presumably by competing with interoceptive afferents at the level of sensory input, audiovisual stimulation may lessen reliance on cognitive efforts to attenuate declining affect, as indicated by lower right dlPFC activity, particularly among participants disinclined toward high exercise intensity.     

Training content and potential impact on performance: a comparison of young male and female endurance-trained runners

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the content of 8 weeks of training in young endurance-trained male and female runners and study the potential impact of this training content on performance. Fourteen men and 11 women performed two criterion exercises until exhaustion on an outdoor track before and after the 8-week training period. The first test was a graded exercise to determine maximal aerobic velocity (Mav), the velocity at the lactate concentration threshold (v-Tlac), and the velocity at delta 50 (v delta50: the velocity halfway between Mav and v-Tlac). The second test was a constant run at v delta50 to determine the time to exhaustion at this velocity (tlimv delta50). Training logs were used to monitor the self-directed training sessions. The results showed that the women had a lower training volume but trained at higher exercise velocities than the men. However they presented similar values as the men for expected temporary performance capacity and did not improve their performance (Mav and tlimv delta50) over the 8-week period. After the training period, only v-Tlac (absolute and relative values) was slightly but significantly increased by training. These results could be due to the fact that both men and women did not train more than 10% of the total distance run at exercise velocities equal to or higher than their Mav and did not increase their training load during the 8-week training period. We suggest that changes in training content during the season, such as severe (long-duration or high-intensity) training sessions, may have improved their performance capacity.     

Exercise training increases the S-Klotho plasma levels in sedentary middle-aged adults: A randomised controlled trial. The FIT-AGEING study

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different training modalities on the soluble Klotho (S-Klotho) plasma levels in sedentary middle-aged adults. A total of 74 middle-aged adults (53.4 ± 5.0 years old; 52.7% women) were enrolled in the FIT-AGEING study. We conducted a 12-week randomised controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to 4 different groups: (i) a control group (no exercise), (ii) a physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization group (PAR), (iii) a high intensity interval training group (HIIT), and (iv) a high intensity interval training group adding whole-body electromyostimulation training group (HIIT-EMS). S-Klotho plasma levels, anthropometric measurements, and body composition variables were measured before and after the intervention programme. All exercise training modalities induced an increase in the S-Klotho plasma levels (all P ≤ 0.019) without statistical differences between them (all P ≥ 0.696). We found a positive association between changes in lean mass index and changes in the S-Klotho plasma levels, whereas a negative association was reported between changes in fat mass outcomes and changes in the S-Klotho plasma levels after our intervention study. In conclusion, our results suggest that the link between exercise training and the increase in S-Klotho plasma levels could be mediated by a decrease of fat mass and an increase of lean mass.     

The Conconi test is not valid for estimation of the lactate turnpoint in runners

Conconi et al. (1982) reported that an observed deviation from linearity in the heart rate-running velocity relationship determined during a field test in runners coincided with the ‘lactate threshold’. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the original Conconi test using conventional incremental and constant-load laboratory protocols. Fourteen trained male distance runners (mean ± s : age 22.6 ±3.4 years; body mass 67.6±4.8 kg; peak [Vdot] O 2 66.3 ± 4.7 ml kg -1 min -1) performed a standard multi-stage test for determination of lactate turnpoint and a Conconi test on a motorized treadmill. A deviation from linearity in heart rate was observed in nine subjects. Significant differences were found to exist between running velocity at the lactate turnpoint (4.39 ± 0.20 ms -1) and at deviation from linear heart rate (5.08 ± 0.25 ms -1) (P < 0.01), and between heart rate at the lactate turnpoint (172 ± 10 beats min -1) and at deviation from linearity (186 ± 9 beats min -1) (P < 0.01). When deviation of heart rate from linearity was evident, it occurred at a systematically higher intensity than the lactate turnpoint and at approximately 95% of maximum heart rate. These results were confirmed by the physiological responses of seven subjects, who performed two constant-velocity treadmill runs at 0.14 ms -1 below the running velocity at the lactate turnpoint and that at which the heart rate deviated from linearity. For the lactate turnpoint trial, the prescribed 30 min exercise period was completed by all runners (terminal blood lactate concentration of 2.4 ± 0.5 mM ), while the duration attained in the trial for which heart rate deviated from linearity was 15.9 ± 6.7 min (terminal blood lactate concentration of 8.1 ± 1.8 mM). We concluded that the Conconi test is invalid for the non-invasive determination of the lactate turnpoint and that the deviation of heart rate from linearity represents the start of the plateau at maximal heart rate, the expression of which is dependent upon the specifics of the Conconi test protocol.     

Training Content and Potential Impact on Performance

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the content of 8 weeks of training in young endurance-trained male and female runners and study the potential impact of this training content on performance. Fourteen men and 11 women performed two criterion exercises until exhaustion on an outdoor track before and after the 8-week training period. The first test was a graded exercise to determine maximal aerobic velocity (Mav), the velocity at the lactate concentration threshold (v-Tlac), and the velocity at delta 50 (vΔ50: the velocity halfway between Mav and v-Tlac). The second test was a constant run at vΔ50 to determine the time to exhaustion at this velocity (tlimvΔ50). Training logs were used to monitor the self-directed training sessions. The results showed that the women had a lower training volume but trained at higher exercise velocities than the men. However, they presented similar values as the men for expected temporary performance capacity and did not improve their performance (Mav and tlimvΔ50) over the 8-week period. After the training period, only v-Tlac (absolute and relative values) was slightly but significantly increased by training. These results could be due to the fact that both men and women did not train more than 10% of the total distance run at exercise velocities equal to or higher than their Mav and did not increase their training load during the 8-week training period. We suggest that changes in training content during the season, such as severe (long-duration or high-intensity) training sessions, may have improved their performance capacity.     

乳酸阈跑速训练及赛前服用人参复合制剂在耐力训练中的应用研究

为了提高长跑运动员的机能水平和运动成绩,采用乳酸阈跑速训练结合血红蛋白、血尿素等指标,对参加山东省第10届大运会的12名男子长跑运动员进行训练监控,并在赛前服用人参复合制剂。结果表明,乳酸阈跑速训练能较好地控制运动强度;血红蛋白和血尿素能准确监测运动量和运动员的机能水平;赛前服用人参复合制剂可明显提高运动员的体能,最终明显提高运动成绩。