心理素质训练对我国单板滑雪“U”型场地技巧运动员的重要意义

采用文献资料、调查法、数理统计法对我国单板滑雪＂U＂型场地技巧项目运动员的心理素质进行分析得出项目动作特点和竞赛规则决定了心理素质可以通过表象、注意力、自控与应变能力、自信心的训练加强该项目运动员的心理素质,对运动员比赛动作成功率和竞技水平的发挥具有重要意义。     

竞赛安排对青少年游泳运动员竞技能力的影响因素分析

运动员竞技能力的培养,应与各训练时期和阶段的训练任务、训练水平相吻合。训练水平的发展、竞技状态的形成及竞技能力的完善应围绕不同训练阶段的比赛进行实施。竞赛项目设置和竞赛规程的变化,对运动员竞技能力和水平发挥的稳定性以及连续作战的能力都提出了更高要求。文章对赛程安排、项目设置、规则修改有关问题进行探讨,提出增加运动员的比赛次数,帮助运动员积累比赛经验,适应比赛的环境和压力,达到逐步提高竞技能力的目的;提醒教练员将竞赛规则变化作为动态把握项目规律变化的导向,关注规则变化对项目制胜因素的影响,不断打破并调整已有的认识和训练模式。     

举重运动员竞技能力参赛变异因素及对策分析

对举重运动员竞技能力参赛变异因素进行分析,就如何缩小运动员训练水平和竞赛水平之间的差异提出相应的对策,旨在为提高运动员的技战术水平提供参考.     

运动员运动表象的结构特征及相关分析

通过文献资料、问卷调查以及数理统计等方法,对运动员的运动表象结构进行了研究分析,结果表明:运动员的表象结构不是一个单一的结构,而是一个多维、有机的结构;其运动员激发特殊动机的表象认知水平相对较高,特殊认知表象的水平相对较低;同时对不同性别、不同运动等级及不同项目运动员的表象结构进行了比较分析,得出运动员的运动表象在性别上不存在显著性差异性(P>0.05),不同运动等级、项群运动员的运动表象存在显著性差异(P<0.05),并尝试性地建立了运动员的表象结构的影响路径模型,得出运动表象与运动员的成绩有直接性正效应(0.33),期望能为广大训练者提供积极的理论参考,加强运动员的表象训练,进一步提高运动员的竞技水平。     

竞技跆拳道运动核心竞技能力及制胜对策的分析研究

核心竞技能力是运动员整体竞技能力中对运动员竞技水平起决定性作用的子竞技能力,随着竞技水平的不断提高及竞赛规则的不断变更,竞技跆拳道的核心竞技能力也发生了转变,该文通过对跆拳道运动项目特征的分析研究,确定了跆拳道运动项目核心竞技能力的构成要素,并提出相应的制胜对策,以期为广大竞技跆拳道教练员及运动员的训练提供理论参考。     

竞技表现异常的理论性研究

采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法对运动员参赛中出现的竞技表现异常现象进行理论分析,旨在从理论方面解释竞技表现异常现象,为后续实际赛事分析作理论铺垫。主要结论:在相对开放多变的竞赛环境下,运动员竞技能力的表现难免存在波动,运动员的训练水平和竞技水平会出现偏差,外在表现就是竞技表现异常;从性质上来看,主要包括竞技表现超常和竞技表现失常两种情况;竞技表现是否异常不能仅仅用竞赛成绩来判定,需要考虑参赛对手和自身实力情况并结合竞技表现指标才能进行判定。     

我国优秀田径运动员认知风格、竞赛焦虑与竞技水平发挥关系的研究

为探讨我国田径运动员的认知风格、竞赛焦虑特征与竞技水平发挥的关系,采用镶嵌图形测验和竞赛状态焦虑问卷的方法,对我国15个省、市优秀田径运动员93人进行调查。结果显示:①我国优秀田径运动员有场依存者和场独立者,个体差异情况较大;田径运动员认知状态焦虑低于田径常模、躯体状态焦虑显著低于常模,状态自信心显著高于常模,场独立运动员躯体状态焦虑显著高于场依存运动员,认知状态焦虑更低而状态自信心更高。②认知风格与认知状态焦虑显著负相关,与躯体状态焦虑、状态自信心正相关,认知风格是影响认知状态焦虑的一个主因素。③两种认知风格运动员与竞技水平发挥率负相关,场独立运动员竞技水平发挥率更高;竞技水平发挥高组的运动员认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑更低,状态自信心更高;竞技水平发挥高组与认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑负相关,竞技水平发挥低组与认知状态焦虑负相关、与躯体状态焦虑正相关,两组运动员与状态自信心正相关;回归分析表明竞赛焦虑的三个维度均不能预测竞技水平发挥程度。     

表象训练在女子羽毛球训练中的实证研究

表象训练是在竞技体育领域中使用的较为普遍的心理训练方法之一。通过表象训练在女子羽毛球训练中的实证研究,结果表明实验组和对照组学习技术情况统计结果具有显著差异;对照组实验前后运动表象能力比较结果无显著性差异;实验组实验前后运动表象能力统计结果有显著性差异;实验组和对照组在运动表象能力统计结果上有显著性差异。因此,研究结论表明羽毛球训练过程中运用表象训练有助于羽毛球技术的掌握;羽毛球训练过程中运用表象训练有助于提高运动员的表象能力。     

竞技状态的属性与发展

从运动员竞技子能力的发展视角,提出运动员竞技子能力的发展具有非同步性;竞技状态的实质是运动员各竞技子能力非同步性发展所形成的一种竞技能力水平状态;竞技状态的3个发展阶段(形成、保持与消失)是由于运动员各竞技子能力的非同步性发展水平以及各子能力之间的相互作用所呈现的3种不同的状态;竞技状态是运动员个体竞技能力水平的表征,具有鲜明的个体化属性.     

投掷

G824.014.8.G804.8 9700706女子投掷运动员集中注意动态变化的研究=A study on dynamic changes during mindconcentration in woman throwers[刊,中]/张振民,高育葵,刘秀琴,李凤素,王平,郭丹华//国家体委体育科学研究所论文选集.—1996.—122—125图4表1参8(SML)投掷项目//女子//比赛//注意力//脑电图//表象//动态//评定//指标//心理活动//竞技状态//训练控制//Alpha 波记录了36名运动员表象竞赛前比较结果表明:国际健将级运动员组减少31%;健将级运动员组减少23%;一级运动员组减少17%。T 检验有统计意义。说明高水平运动员表象竞赛时 ALPHA 波被抑制的程度高。符合     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。