纳米ZnO的形貌、光致发光性质及反应气浓度分布的研究

采用化学气相沉积的实验方法,以纯Zn粉为锌源,O_2为反应气,N_2为载气,在双管管式炉内制备了多脚结构的纳米ZnO,研究了载气流量对产物形貌和光致发光性能的影响;通过计算流体动力学软件FLUENT对实验条件下管式炉内O_2和Zn蒸汽的浓度分布进行了模拟。实验和模拟结果表明:随着N2流量的增大,O_2浓度减小,产物由钉状多脚结构向针状多脚结构转变;沉积位置处Zn蒸汽的浓度远大于O_2浓度,绿光发射峰主要是由ZnO纳米晶体氧空位引起的,沉积反应主要由O_2控制。     

透析影响化学反应速率的各种因素

对影响化学反应速率的常见因素,如温度、浓度、压强、催化剂等要进行全面总结和理解外,建议同学们在学习时还要特别关注,影响化学反应速率的另类因素.一、影响化学反应速率的常见因素1.浓度对化学反应速率的影响当其他条件不变时,增加反应物的浓度,可以增大反应的速率.为什么增大反应物的浓度会影响反应速率呢?这里要明确:当增加反应物的浓度时,活化分子的数量增加,有效碰撞的     

可逆反应达到平衡状态的标志

一、标志之一:反应速率正、逆反应速率相等,是化学平衡状态的本质特征,是针对反应体系中同一反应物或同一生成物而言,由于该物质的生成速率与消耗速率相等,才能使这种物质的浓度或质量分数保持不变,才能达到化学平衡状态。若同一反应中某物质的正反应速率与另一物质的逆反应速率之比等于方程式中系数比,也可说明该反应中某一物质的正、逆反应相等,达到平衡状态。例:在一定条件下4NH_3(气)+5O_2(气)(?)2NO(气)+6H_2O(气)达到平衡时,当正反应氨气的消耗速率 V_(NH_3)与逆反应氨气的生成速率 V_(NH_3)相等时或正反应氧气的消耗速率 V_(O_2)与逆反应水的消耗速率 V_(H_2O)     

化学反应速率综合题例析

围绕化学反应速率的试题在高考中经常出现 ,解题时应注意 :1 化学反应速率指单位时间内物质的浓度变化 ,不是物质的量或物质质量的变化 .2 化学反应速率表示的是某段时间的平均速率而不是瞬时速率 .3 因反应物或生成物的浓度变化量都取绝对值 ,因此化学反应速率都取正值 .4 同一化学反应 ,选用不同物质表示反应速率时 ,可能有不同的速率数值 ,但其数值之比一定等于化学方程式中对应物质化学计量数之比 .5 相同条件下的不同反应 ,反应速率的快慢取决于反应物的结构与性质 ;同一反应在不同条件下进行 ,则反应速率的快慢受外界条件的影响 :…     

对机械能守恒定律两种表述的理解

关于机械能守恒定律在现行高一新教材中的表述是:在只有重力做功的情形下,物体的动能和重力势能发生相互转化,但机械能的总量保持不变.而在旧教材(必修)中的表述是:如果没有摩擦和介质阻力,物体只发生动能和势能的相互转化时,机械能的总量保持不变.笔者认为这是两守恒条件的两种不同侧重的理解:     

对机械能守恒定律两种表述的理解

关于机械能守恒定律在现行高一新教材中的表述是:在只有重力做功的情形下,物体的动能和重力势能发生相互转化,但机械能的总量保持不变。而在旧教材(必修)中的表述是:如果没有摩擦和介质阻力,物体只发生动能和势能的相互转化时,机械能的总量保持不变。笔者认为这是两守恒条件的两种不同侧重的理解:     

关于氯酸钾分解的几类计算题

氯酸钾分解具有如下特点:(1)为加快化学反应速率,反应条件除加热外,还需要固体催化剂二氧化锰,而二氧化锰在反应前后质量不变;(2)氯酸钾的分解产物一种是固体,另一种是气体;(3)氯酸钾分解时其中所含氧元素全部转化为氧气.     

机械能守恒定律的运用

在只有重力做功的情形下,物体的动能和重力势能发生相互转化,但机械能的总量保持不变.如果还有弹簧类的弹性力做功,则发生动能、重力势能和弹性势能间的相互转化,但机械能的总量仍保持不变.这就是机械能守恒定律.对此应明确:     

慧眼辨别机械能守恒条件

在动能、重力势能、弹性势能之间发生相互转化的过程中,如果只有重力、弹力做功.在只有重力和弹簧的弹力做功的情况下,物体的动能和势能发生相互转化,但机械能的总量保持不变.机械能守恒条件可以表述为如下形式:W=E_k2-E_k1     

解读机械能守恒问题

在动能、重力势能、弹性势能之间发生相互转化的过程中，如果只有重力、弹力做功．在只有重力和弹簧的弹力做功的情况下，物体的动能和势能发生相互转化，但机械能的总量保持不变．     

Effects of nucleating agents on crystallization of arc-molten slag from incinerator fly ash

Glass-ceramics obtained from the electric arc furnace molten slag of incinerator fly ash was produced by applying nucleation and crystallization through heat treatment process. The effects of nucleating agent (TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃)on the crystallization kinetics and heat treatment schedule of the slag were investigated. The results show that the nucleating agents changed the crystallization phase and morphology of the obtained glass-ceramics. The optimum heat treatment schedule of the glass with TiO₂ was determined as nucleation at 952 K for 1.5 h and crystal growth at 1258 K for 1.5 h, while those values with Cr₂O₃ were estimated at 971 K for 2 h and at 1 238 K for 2 h. TiO₂ acting as nucleating agent could decrease the activation energy of the slag and shorten the total thermal treatment time in comparison with Cr₂O₃. The glass-ceramics obtained under the optimum heat treatment condition was environment-friendly and had remarkable physical/mechanical properties and chemical durability.     

Influence of Calcination Temperature on TiO2 Nanotubes＇ Catalysis for TiO2/UV/O3 in Landfill Leachate Solution

The influence of calcination temperature on TiO2 nanotubes＇ catalysis for TiO2/UV/03 was investigated. TiO2 nanotubes （TNTs） were prepared via the sol-gel method and calcined at 300--700 ℃, which were labeled as TNTs-300, TNTs-400, TNTs-500, TNTs-600 and TNTs-700, respectively. TNTs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. It is found that TNTs calcined at 400 ℃ showed the best thermal stability. When the calcination temperature increased from 400 ℃ to 700 ℃, the special structure of tubes was destroyed and gradually converted into nanorods and/or particles. The transformation from anatase to rutile occurred at 600 ℃, and the rutile phase was enhanced when the calcination temperature was increased to over 600 ℃. The calcina- tion temperature＇s influence on TNTs＇ adsorption activity for for TiO2/UV/O3 was investigated in landfill leachate solution chemical oxygen demand （COD） and catalytic activity In landfill leachate solution, the adsorption activity of COD decreased in the reduced order of TNTs-300, TNTs-400, TNTs-500, TNTs-600 and TNTs-700. In photocatalytic ozonation, TNTs-400 showed the best catalytic activity while TNTs-700 exhibited the worst. In other three processes, the COD removal of TNTs-300/UV/O3 was higher than those of TNTs-500/UV/O3 and TNTs-600/UV/O3 in the first 20 rain, and then became close to those of the latter two in the following 40 rain. Compared with TNTs-300 and TNTs- 400, TNTs-600 had the best anti-fouling activity, while TNTs-500 and TNTs-700 had lower anti-fouling activity than the former three. In photocatalytic ozonation, the calcination temperature of 400 ℃ was appropriate when TNTs were obtained at the synthesis temperature of 105 ℃.     

Catalytic Activity of Cr(VI) in the Degradation of Phenol by H2O2 Under Acidic Conditions

Cr(VI) and phenol are toxic contaminants that need to be treated, and different methods have been researched to simultaneously remove these two contaminants from industrial wastewater. In this study, Cr(VI) was used as a novel Fenton-like catalyst in phenol degradation by H₂O₂. In the pH range of 3.0‒11.0, the degradation efficiency of phenol decreased with elevated pH. At pH = 3.0, 100 mg/L phenol was effectively degraded by 2 mmol/L Cr(VI) and 20 mmol/L H₂O₂. At pH = 7.0 and the same conditions as those of pH = 3.0, 79% of 100 mg/L phenol was removed within 6 h, which was an improvement in pH limitation compared with the Fe(II)-mediated Fenton reaction. Quenching experiments indicated that ^·OH generated from the catalysis of H₂O₂ by Cr(V) instead of Cr(VI) was the primary oxidant that degraded phenol. When pyrophosphate was added in the Cr(VI)/H₂O₂ system, complexes with the Cr(V) intermediate rapidly formed and inhibited H₂O₂ decomposition, implying that the decomposition of H₂O₂ to ^·OH was catalyzed by Cr(V) instead of Cr(VI). The presence of anions such as chloride and sulfate had insignificant effect on the degradation of phenol. TOC and UV analyses suggest that phenol could not be completely oxidized to CO₂ and H₂O, and the intermediates identified by high performance liquid chromatography further indicates that maleic acid and benzoquinone were intermediates which may be further degraded into short chain acids, primarily maleic, formic, acetic, and oxalic acids, and eventually into CO₂ and H₂O. Considering that more than 50% Cr(VI) can also be removed during this process, the Cr(VI)/H₂O₂ system is more appropriate for the simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and phenol contaminants from industrial wastewater.

     

Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> as indicator of heavy metal enrichment in Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary sediments

A part of the heavy metals in estuary and coastal zone occurs naturally in the environment; the other part is due to human activity; so the directly measured concentration of heavy metal does not automatically indicate anthropogenic enrichment. Fe₂O₃ was used in this study as conservative tracer to distinguish natural components from anthropogenic components of heavy metal sediment concentration in the Zhujiang estuary. Compared with clay and Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ is more suitable as reference element. The final results showed that two zones in the Zhujiang estuary were seriously contaminated by heavy metals. One nearby the Humen mouth; the other around the west coast of the estuary. The horizontal distribution of heavy metals indicates that Zn, Ni and Cu have wider contaminating areas than TiO₂, V and Cr in the estuary.     

Electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance of ZnFe2O4-based materials used as intert anode for aluminum electrolysis

ZnFe₂O₄ and ZnFe₂O₄-based materials were tested to obtain the electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance in melting bath for aluminum electrolysis. The results proved that adequate additives, such as Ni₂O₃ CuO, Cu, ZnO and CeO₂ would increase the electrical conductivity, and the ZnFe₂O₄-based anodes with these additives were of good corrosion resistance. The current density on anode, the mole ratio of NaF/AlF₃ (MR) and the content of alumina in the bath effect the anode corrosion rate in different way. Project supported by the Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, P. R. China (95 – 156)     

微量元素锌对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

实验选用某猪场断奶仔猪40头,随机分成4组。每日饲粮中添加不同水平和形式的锌添加剂,即添加氧化锌来源100mg／kg锌（工组,即对照组）、氧化锌来源3000mg／kg锌（Ⅱ组）、蛋氨酸锌来源100mg／kg锌（Ⅲ组）和蛋氨酸锌来源300mg／kg锌（Ⅳ组）。通过记录仔猪采食量、日增重和腹泻率,并在试验期第14天、第28天和第42天检测血常规,研究不同水平和形式的锌对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。实验结果表明：饲粮中添加高剂量氧化锌（3000mg／kg锌）和蛋氨酸锌（300mg／kg锌）都能显著促进断奶仔猪的生长,且蛋氨酸锌来源的锌与氧化锌来源的锌以相同剂量添加时前者优于后者。     

Characteristics and origins of a typical heavy haze episode in Baotou,China: implications for the spatial distribution of industrial sources

Air pollution has become the predominant environmental problem caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization in China. In this study, measurements of the concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, CO, and O₃ at six monitoring stations in Baotou, China were used to investigate the characteristics of heavy haze pollution in Dec. 12–25, 2013. Source locations of PM_2.5 in Baotou were identified using satellite remote sensing data, an air mass trajectory model, and a conditional probability function (CPF). The results showed that the average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were (113.8±84.0) μg/m³ and (211.1±149.2) μg/m³, respectively. The similar trends in temporal variation of the air pollutants PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, and CO suggested they may share common sources. The results of satellite observations and backward trajectories supported the hypothesis that the pollutants causing the haze event originated mainly from local anthropogenic sources. According to the CPF analysis, low-speed winds from the south and southwest, upwind industrial emissions, and the northern mountains were mainly responsible for the formation of haze in Baotou. The study provides some insights to help governments optimize industrial layouts for improving air quality in the future.     

氢氧化钠溶液吸收硫酰氟的传质反应动力学

研究目的：研究方法：重要结论：确定氢氧化钠溶液化学吸收硫酰氟的传质反应动力学区域,建立增强因子模型。研究气液传质测定设备双搅拌釜中氢氧化钠溶液化学吸收硫酰氟的过程,并结合实验研究与理论分析建立了增强因子模型。基于氢氧化钠溶液化学吸收硫酰氟过程的实验研究,确定了氢氧化钠溶液化学吸收硫酰氟的传质反应动力学区域为快速拟一级反应。得到了298K下其二级反应速率常数为1．44m3／（mol·s）,并建立了增强因子模型E=68．08CBL1/2,为脱除熏蒸后残留硫酰氟的工业化应用提供了理论依据。     

HNCO hydrolysis performance in urea-water solution thermohydrolysis process with and without catalysts

The thermolysis of urea-water solution and its product, HNCO hydrolysis is investigated in a dual-reactor system. For the thermal decomposition below about 1073 K, the main products are ammonia (NH3) and isocyanic acid (HNCO) whereas at higher temperatures the oxidation processes take effect and the products include a low concentration of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The gas HNCO is quite stable and a high yield of HNCO is observed. The ratio of NH3 to HNCO increases from approximately 1.2 to 1.7 with the temperature. The chemical analysis shows that H radical is in favor of HNCO hydrolysis by instigating the reaction HNCO+H·→·NH2+CO and high temperature has positive effect on H radical. The hydrolysis of HNCO over an alumina catalyst made using a sol-gel process (designated as γ-Al2O3) is investigated. The conversion of HNCO is high even at the high space velocities (6×105 h-1) and low temperatures (393–673 K) in the tests with catalysts, which enhances HNCO hydrolysis and raises the ratio of NH3 to HNCO to approximately 100. The pure γ-Al2O3 shows a better catalytic performance than CuO/γ-Al2O3. The addition of CuO not only reduces the surface area but also decreases the Lewis acid sites which are recognized to have a positive effect on the catalytic activity. The apparent activation energy of the hydrolysis reaction amounts to about 25 kJ/mol in 393–473 K while 13 kJ/mol over 473 K. The overall hydrolysis reaction rate on catalysts is mainly determined by external and internal mass-transfer limitations.