任务性质、观察学习和身体练习比例对运动技能学习的影响

观察使用计算机追踪任务探讨任务性质、观察学习和身体练习比例对运动技能学习的影响。72名受试划分为开放性任务学习组和封闭性任务学习组,然后再根据观察学习+身体练习比例将受试随机分为25%观察学习+75%身体练习组、50%观察学习+50%身体练习组、以及75%观察学习+25%身体练习组,进行为期3 d的计算机追踪任务学习。第3 d学习结束后,对所有受试进行即刻测试2、4 h后保持测试和迁移测试。结果显示:对于封闭性任务技能学习而言,50%观察学习+50%身体练习的比例所获得的学习效果好于25%观察学习+75%身体练习的比例和75%观察学习+25%身体练习的比例;对于开放性任务技能学习而言,25%观察学习+75%身体练习的比例所获得的学习效果好于75%观察学习+25%身体练习的比例;使用相同比例条件下,封闭性任务技能的学习效果好于开放性任务技能。     

不同观察学习和身体练习比例对不同年龄者追踪任务技能学习效果的影响

探讨不同的观察学习和身体练习比例对不同年龄者追踪任务技能学习的影响.将受试(小学生、高中生、大学生各36名)随机分为25%观察学习+75%身体练习组、50%观察学习+50%身体练习组、75%观察学习+25%身体练习组,进行为期3天的计算机追踪任务学习.第3天学习结束后,对所有受试进行了即刻测试、24 h后保持测试和迁移测试.结果显示:1)高中生和大学生使用50%观察学习+50%身体练习的比例所获得的追踪任务技能学习效果好于25%观察学习+75%身体练习的比例和75%观察学习+25%身体练习的比例;2)小学生使用25%观察学习+75%身体练习的比例所获得的追踪任务技能学习效果好于50%观察学习+50%身体练习的比例和75%观察学习+25%身体练习的比例;3)在同一种观察学习和身体练习比例条件下,高中生和大学生追踪任务技能学习效果相同,但都好于小学生.     

任务复杂程度对反馈频率适宜值的影响研究

采用单维简单和两维复杂电脑追踪任务,探讨任务复杂程度对反馈频率适宜值的影响.96名右利手的在校大学生随机分为简单任务和复杂任务组(每组男、女各24名).两组受试者分别在25%相对频率(提供反馈的练习次数占总练习次数的25%,简称反馈频率,下同)、50%反馈频率、75%反馈频率、100%反馈频率条件下,连续两天练习简单或复杂任务,每天练习36次.第2天练习结束后休息10min,2组受试者进行无反馈保持测试.一天后,再进行无反馈的保持测试.结果显示:(1)练习阶段,两组受试者的操作绩效随反馈频率增加呈提高趋势;(2)50%反馈频率利于简单任务的技能学习,75%反馈频率利于复杂任务的技能学习;(3)任务复杂程度与反馈频率适宜值存在交互作用,与简单任务相比,操作复杂任务时,应增加反馈的频率.以上结果提示:当信息加工负荷较小(如操作任务较简单)时,减少反馈频率利于技能学习;而当信息加工负荷较大(操作任务较复杂)时,频繁反馈利于技能学习.     

反馈频率对追踪任务技能学习影响的实验研究

采用单维电脑追踪任务,探讨反馈频率对追踪任务技能学习的影响作用.48名右利手的在校大学生随机分为4组(每组男、女各6人),分别按反馈次数占总练习次数比例的25%、50%、75%、100%的频率方式向各组受试者提供当前反馈.结果显示:①获得阶段,频繁反馈有利于提高操作绩效;②保持阶段,减少反馈频率有利于简单追踪任务技能学习.结论:①当前反馈对于练习者学习动作技能具有很强的指导作用,并且容易使学习者对反馈产生依赖性;②通过减少反馈频率的方式可以减少学习者对反馈的依赖作用;③追踪任务技能学习过程中存在反馈频率适宜值.     

技能熟练程度对反馈频率适宜值的影响研究

采用两维电脑追踪任务,探讨个体技能熟练程度对反馈频率适宜值的影响作用.96名右利手在校大学生随机分为低练组和高练组(每组男、女各24名).首先,高练组受试者在100%反馈频率条件下练习2天,每天练习36次;同期,低练组受试者不进行练习,2天练习结束后,结果表明,经过不同练习量的练习,高练组受试者和低练组受试者之间形成了动作技能熟练程度的差异.此后,两组受试者分别在25%反馈频率、50%反馈频率、75%反馈频率、100%反馈频率条件下,连续2天练习两维复杂电脑追踪任务,每天练习36次.第2天练习结束后休息10 min,两组受试者进行无反馈保持测试.24 h后,再进行无反馈的保持测试.研究结果显示,获得阶段,两组受试者的操作绩效随反馈频率增加呈提高趋势;50%反馈频率有利于高练组受试的动作技能学习,75%反馈频率有利于低练组受试的动作技能学习;个体技能熟练程度与反馈频率适宜值存在交互作用,与低练组受试者相比,高练组学习动作技能时应适当减少反馈频率.提示,个体技能熟练程度影响反馈频率适宜值;技能熟练程度较高的个体学习动作技能时,应适当减少反馈频率.     

录像示范和现场示范对运动技能观察学习的影响

目的:探讨录像示范和现场示范对运动技能观察学习的影响.办法:48名受试随机分为练习组、现场示范观察组、录像示范观察组和控制组.采用计算机追踪任务,以RMSE为评价指标,对4组受试分别进行10 min后保持测试、24 h后保持测试和迁移测试.结果显示:在所有测试中,录像示范观察组和现场示范组受试操作绩效没有显著性差异;在10 min后保持测试和24 h后保持测试中,练习组受试操作绩效显著好于其他组受试,现场示范观察组和录像示范观察组受试操作绩效显著好于控制组;在迁移测试中,练习组、录像示范观察组、现场示范观察组受试操作绩效没有显著性差异,但都显著好于控制组.     

类比学习与外显学习的不同组合方式对不同性质网球技能学习的影响——从闭锁性和开放性技能的视角

采用实验法,探讨类比学习与外显学习的不同组合方式对大学生初学者学习不同性质网球技能的影响。受试被随机分为闭锁性技能任务组和开放性技能任务组,再将两组受试随机分为外显-类比学习组、类比-外显学习组和类比与外显学习同时进行组。以击球准确性、动作评分和有关动作的知识数量为指标,对受试的绩效进行评价。结果显示,学习闭锁性技能时,同时进行组受试的击球准确性、动作评分和动作知识的掌握程度比其他两组好;学习开放性技能时,类比-外显学习组受试的击球准确性、动作评分和动作知识的掌握程度比其他两组好。     

网球技能学习中类比学习与外显学习协同效应的实验研究

采用实验法,探讨大学生网球初学者在学习正手击球时类比学习与外显学习的协同效应.受试被随机分为外显学习组、类比学习组、类比与外显学习结合组,以击球准确性、动作评分和动作知识知晓数量为指标,对3组受试进行评价.结果显示:在保持测试中,外显与类比学习结合组的击球准确性和动作评分好于类比学习组和外显学习组;在迁移测试中,外显与类比学习结合组和类比学习组的击球准确性和动作评分好于外显学习组;在知晓动作知识的评价中,类比与外显学习结合组习得的动作知识数量多于类比学习组和外显学习组,而外显学习组多于类比学习组.     

错误结果反馈对追踪任务学习迁移的影响

采用电脑追踪任务探讨错误结果反馈(KR)对运动技能学习迁移的影响.抽取在校大学生,随机分为正确KR组、错误KR组、混合KR组(组间性别均衡设计).在第1-3 d,3组受试者练习时分别获得正确的KR、错误的KR,或者获得25次正确KR后,再获得25次错误KR.正确的KR是每次追踪误差的毫秒数,错误的KR则是正确KR数值+10 mm.在第4 d,3组受试者分剐在无KR的条件下,用原任务进行保持测试10次,之后再操作两个迁移任务各10次.显示:KR在一致性时机任务和电脑追踪任务中的作用机理类似,当可以获得KR时,学习者将它作为觉察和纠正操作错误的信息源:错误KR会带来迁移测试绩效的偏差.提示:学习者形成自身觉察错误能力是运动技能学习的关键,实践工作者应根据运动情境的特点,合理地提供结果反馈,以促进运动技能的学习.     

网球初学者类比学习和外显学习的协同效应——基于不同难度视角

采用实验法,探讨类比与外显学习的不同组合方式对大学生网球初学者学习不同难度技能的影响。将右利手男生随机分为高、低难度任务组,再分为先外显后类比学习组、先类比后外显学习组、类比与外显学习交替组,以击球准确性、动作评分和动作知识数量为指标,对受试的发球绩效进行评价。结果显示:在学习高难度发球技能时,先类比后外显学习组的绩效好于其他两组;在学习低难度发球技能时,类比与外显学习交替组的绩效好于其他两组。     

Physical Fatigue and Motor Learning

Abstract

In an attempt to investigate the effects of physical fatigue upon the learning of a motor skill, 75 college women were assigned in systematic rotation to either a control group or to one of two experimental groups (N = 25 in each group). All subjects were given a total of 50 trials on the pursuit rotor: 25 trials on Day 1, the practice session; and 25 trials on Day 2, the test session. One of the experimental groups was fatigued early in the practice session while the other was fatigued late in the practice session. Fatigue interpolated early and late was detrimental to subsequent performance improvements but had no effect upon the amount learned.     

Part and whole practice: chunking and online control in the acquisition of a serial motor task

A four-component aiming movement was used to examine the relative effectiveness of part and whole practice. Following a pretest, participants were assigned to one of three practice groups. Participants in a "Whole" group practiced the four components together as a unit. A "No Overlap" group practiced the first two and last two components of the task, alternating every fifth trial. An "Overlap" group practiced the transition between the second and third components on every trial by alternating practice of the first three and last three components every five trials. Participants in all groups improved significantly from pretest to immediate posttest and maintained their performance over a 24-hr delay. Contrary to the "chunking hypothesis," participants in the No Overlap group improved as much as those in the other two groups. Kinematic data indicated that participants in all three groups learned to use response-produced feedback earlier in the individual movement trajectories. Moreover, participants appeared to acquire a general ability to make transitions between movement components rather than specific transitions. The results suggest that segmented or segmented "overlap" practice regimes may benefit learning movement sequences of short duration.     

双任务中内隐运动技能学习对提高保持成绩的作用

本实验研究的目的是,调查在双任务条件下一个运动系列能否被不觉察地掌握,内隐学习是否比外显学习更有效地增加保持.36名实验对象被随机分为内隐学习组或外显学习组.要求所有被试通过敲击一个键盘上的F和J键,来移动计算机屏幕上的横杆,去接住一个下落的小球.一个固定的5种小球下落曲线的系列被安插在每组15次练习的中段.同时,实验参加者需要数每组练习中的所听到的嘟嘟声的数目,以作为第二项任务.在掌握该技能后的24小时进行3次保持测验.ANOVA分析发现固定小球下落曲线段的接球成绩随着练习的增加而提高,但是练习对随机段没有作用.尽管两种练习条件下,运动技能学习成绩没有差异,但内隐学习组比外显学习组在模拟接球的保持测试和第二项任务中表现较准确.这些结果显示内隐学习是一个改善运动技能长期记忆的有效手段,并且与外显学习相比,它在练习中占用较少的认知资源.     

Task complexity and sources of task-related information during the observational learning process

Although research has examined the influence of various sources of task information for skill acquisition during observational learning, the results have been ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to examine sources of information in relation to the type of task. One hundred and twenty participants were randomly assigned to one of two sets of six treatment strategies: (1) all model demonstrations; (2) model demonstrations with physical practice with knowledge of performance; (3) model demonstrations with physical practice without knowledge of performance; (4) physical practice without knowledge of performance; (5) physical practice with knowledge of performance; or (6) verbal instructions only. One set learned a simple version of the task while the other set learned a more complex version. Cognitive representation and performance accuracy (spatial and temporal) were assessed. Results indicate that task type does influence the source of information to facilitate skill acquisition. The simple task benefited from model demonstrations, physical practice with knowledge of performance, or a combination of model demonstrations and practice both with and without knowledge of performance, while the complex version benefited more from a combination of model demonstrations and knowledge of performance practice. The results of this study provide an insight into the ambiguity that exists within the observational learning and motor learning literature regarding the effectiveness of information sources for motor skill acquisition.     

Task complexity and sources of task-related information during the observational learning process

Abstract

Although research has examined the influence of various sources of task information for skill acquisition during observational learning, the results have been ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to examine sources of information in relation to the type of task. One hundred and twenty participants were randomly assigned to one of two sets of six treatment strategies: (1) all model demonstrations; (2) model demonstrations with physical practice with knowledge of performance; (3) model demonstrations with physical practice without knowledge of performance; (4) physical practice without knowledge of performance; (5) physical practice with knowledge of performance; or (6) verbal instructions only. One set learned a simple version of the task while the other set learned a more complex version. Cognitive representation and performance accuracy (spatial and temporal) were assessed. Results indicate that task type does influence the source of information to facilitate skill acquisition. The simple task benefited from model demonstrations, physical practice with knowledge of performance, or a combination of model demonstrations and practice both with and without knowledge of performance, while the complex version benefited more from a combination of model demonstrations and knowledge of performance practice. The results of this study provide an insight into the ambiguity that exists within the observational learning and motor learning literature regarding the effectiveness of information sources for motor skill acquisition.