双责任闭环供应链生态设计策略及其差异化影响

考虑生态设计降低产品制造成本、提高产品销量和提高废旧产品回收率3种生态设计策略,采用斯坦伯格博弈方法,面向产品生态设计和废旧产品回收的双责任闭环供应链,探究不同生态设计策略对企业的双责任行为、利润和环境等的影响。研究结果表明,在不同生态设计策略下,制造商的生态设计水平对零售商决策的影响范围、影响方向和影响力度具差异性;消费者价格敏感度与产品回收市场收益是影响双责任闭环供应链决策和制造商生态设计策略选择的关键要素;生态设计要素和固定成本要素对企业双责任行为、产品批发价和零售价产生不同影响。根据研究结论,提出从促进闭环供应链履行双责任视角,制造商应根据闭环供应链层面市场特征的变化而选择不同的生态设计策略。     

基于博弈论的制造商回收再制造闭环供应链模型研究

在由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的制造商回收再制造闭环供应链中,考虑系统成员间存在Nash均衡博弈、制造商领导的Stackelberg博弈和零售商领导的Stackelberg博弈等权利关系,研究并比较三种分散式决策闭环供应链的定价决策及利润问题。研究结论表明:在制造商领导的市场中,零售商的零售价与获得产品的批发价呈正相关关系;在零售商领导的市场中,制造商的批发价和回收率均与零售商的零售价呈负相关关系;回收产品的潜在期望收益是回收行为的驱动因素;在分散式决策闭环供应链中,市场无领导者时,消费者获得的收益最多,闭环供应链也越有利于降低资源消耗,且制造商和零售商均有动机成为领导者,其拥有的权利越大,议价能力会越强,获得的利润就会越多;与分散式决策相比,集中式决策闭环供应链的零售价最低,回收率和渠道总利润最高。最后,我们设计了可协调三种分散式决策闭环供应链的收益共享契约。     

考虑CSR与质量努力的闭环供应链决策研究

为减少消费者对再造品质量水平的质疑,促进再造品销售,本文构建了有无零售商企业社会责任与制造商质量努力的四个闭环供应链模型,运用stackelberg博弈与逆向归纳法求出均衡解,通过对比、算例仿真各均衡结果探讨其对闭环供应链利润、价格等因素的影响,并提出相应对策。研究表明：（1）制造商质量努力能够扩大再造品的市场份额及产品的市场规模。一定范围内的质量努力能够使闭环供应链各方均获益。（2）零售商履行企业社会责任能够提升企业品牌形象,扩大产品的市场规模,使制造商、闭环供应链系统及社会福利获益。（3）一定范围内的质量努力能够缓解零售商履行企业社会责任的利益损失,因此,制造商质量努力与零售商企业社会责任相结合是可以改善再造品销售难问题的有效对策。     

考虑关键组件质量设计的闭环供应链定价策略与协调

研究关键组件供应商和制造商组成的闭环供应链在集中决策和分散决策下的定价、组件质量设计投入和废旧产品回收投入的决策问题,分析组件质量设计产出效应和废旧产品回收产出效应对决策的影响,探讨基于讨价还价博弈的两部定价契约对分散决策的协调作用。研究结果表明,组件质量设计投入、废旧产品回收投入和供应链利润都与质量设计产出效应和废旧产品回收产出效应正相关;基于讨价还价博弈的两部定价契约可实现闭环供应链的协调。     

循环经济下制造商竞争的闭环供应链定价策略

从循环经济视角出发,聚焦这种循环经济模式下制造商竞争的闭环供应链定价策略。针对两个制造商和一个共同零售商所构建的闭环供应链系统在非合作分散决策和集中决策下的定价模型进行比较分析,发现非合作分散决策会造成回收价格、回收率和系统利润减少,提出利润共享的协调定价机制,使得闭环供应链系统的总利润达到集中决策下的利润水平;通过数值仿真分析两个制造商的产品竞争替代系数、政府对废旧产品的单位经济补贴和消费者的环保意识对闭环供应链系统决策变量和利润的影响。     

零售商双渠道下闭环供应链协调策略研究

考虑零售商在传统销售渠道基础上建立网上销售渠道,以博弈论为基本方法,假定制造商和零售商都是风险中性和完全理性的,研究零售商负责废旧产品回收的双渠道闭环供应链协调机制。通过分析比较分散决策和集中决策下供应链系统成员的最优定价策略和收益状况,得出分散决策下的双渠道闭环供应链没有达到帕累托最优,供应链成员的利润仍有改进空间。为了实现供应链整体利润最大化,设计了零售商销售收益共享-回收成本共担的契约来激励制造商和零售商,且当契约参数满足一定条件时,供应链系统实现协调,然后给出契约参数的合理范围,使制造商和供应商的收益均达到帕累托最优。最后应用一个算例分析其有效性。     

政府碳税和补贴下动力电池回收渠道协调研究

随着新能源汽车大规模使用,动力电池迎来退役潮。在国家双碳目标的指导下,废旧动力电池回收问题亟待解决。文章研究政府向电池生产商征收低碳环保税,对回收企业实施回收补贴的组合政策背景下,分别在单渠道回收模式和双渠道回收模式下对电池生产商主导的闭环供应链进行契约协调,并对组合政策设计的效果进行分析。研究发现：低碳环保税和回收补贴机制能够有效提高废旧电池回收量,组合政策的设计能有效引导动力电池闭环供应链的回收行为。双渠道回收模式下的回收量和企业利润均高于单渠道回收模式下的回收量和企业利润。在回收成本分担-收益共享契约的协调下,废旧动力电池回收量和供应链总利润能够达到集中决策下的理想情况。且在不同回收模式下,当成本分担比例和收益共享比例合理设置时,电池生产商和汽车制造商的利润均高于分散决策时的利润,因此双方都愿意接受该契约。此时,回收成本分担-收益共享契约能够有效协调动力电池闭环供应链。     

基于回收竞争的闭环供应链再制造授权策略研究

在制造商受专利保护的条件下,建立含有一个能自行回收的制造商及一个具有再制造能力的回收商的闭环供应链模型。采用Stackelberg博弈、Kuhn-tucker条件等方法研究了两种策略不授权再制造(策略S)及授权回收商进行再制造(策略D)之后,通过算例分析,讨论再制造所节约的成本和单位专利费用对闭环供应链参与者利润及决策的影响。结果表明,再制品供不应求的市场中,只有当回收商再制造成本低于制造商时,制造商才会授权其进行再制造。     

零售商主导的闭环供应链效益分析

研究了零售商主导的闭环供应链回收渠道选择及定价决策问题。分析了集中决策模式及三种分散回收模式下的最优回收率、定价决策与系统效益。研究结果表明:在零售商主导的市场结构下,当制造商选择直接回收时,闭环供应链具有较低的销售价格和较高的回收率,制造商利润、零售商利润及系统总利润均最大,对消费者及整个社会更有利。     

大数据服务商参与下考虑生态设计和动态回收率的闭环供应链决策研究

综合考虑生态设计与政府补贴，借助伊藤过程刻画动态变化的回收率，构建大数据服务商参与下的闭环供应链随机微分博弈模型，分析大数据服务商协助类型、服务费支付水平和政府补贴等参数对闭环供应链各成员决策和利润的影响。结果表明，所处环境不同时大数据服务商的最佳协助方式也不同；协助营销活动能有效刺激市场时，协助营销更能提升回收率、利润等；零售商和回收商合理分担大数据服务费可以促进闭环供应链的稳定；较回收补贴，生态设计补贴对零售价和批发价影响更显著，政府合理提高生态设计补贴更能提高闭环供应链整体利润。     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Stern-Gerlach effect goes chiral

Prof. SUN Changpu from the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics and coworkers from University of Basel in Switzerland have worked out a way --at least in theory --to split a beam of molecules according to their chirality. The technique involves passing the molecules through three different laser beams and is similar to the famous Stern-Gerlach effect, whereby a beam of atoms passing through a magnetic field is split in two according to the atoms＇ spin states （Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 130403）.