对优秀跆拳道运动员应付方式特征的研究

应付方式是一种解决问题或消除问题的行为方式 ,应付方式的选择对个体的成长发展有着十分重要的意义。本文主要运用心理测量法对优秀跆拳道运动员应付方式进行探讨。结果表明 :优秀跆拳道运动员应付方式的选择以解决———求助为主     

应付方式对大学生运动员心理健康的影响研究

本文运用应付方式问卷（Ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ Ｃｏｐｉｎｇ Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ）和ＳＣＬ９０ 症状自评量表,对１５６ 名大学生运动员进行调查,发现正常大学生运动员在人际关系紧张情境下自我控制、问题解决、自我承担责任等应付方式应用最多;不同的应付方式与精神症状之间存在着选择性的相关关联,总体的评价是寻求社会支持有益于心理健康,而对抗性行为、认知超脱、逃避、自我控制不利于心理健康     

运动损伤者的应付方式与心理健康水平的研究

以体育专业大学生运动损伤者为研究对象,运用SCL一90量表和应付方式问卷为主要研究工具。结果表明：在急性运动损伤发生后,伤者应付的主要方式是解决问题、自责、幻想和退缩,其中只有“解决问题”应付方式具有较明显的积极性评价意义。而伤者的应付方式与心理健康不良症状之间存在着选择性的相互关联。     

中学体育教师应付方式及其影响因素研究

以湖南省9个地区的230名中学体育教师为被试,以应付方式六因子为内容,通过问卷调查,分析了不同特征（教龄、性别、学校类型和职称）的中学教师的应付方式状况。结果表明,所有自变量的二维交互作用均不显著,职称在“求助”因子上有显著的主效应,学校类型在“幻想”因子上有显著的主效应。从总体上来看,在面对应激事件或环境时,中学体育教师常能采取比较成熟的应付方式。     

优秀男子体操运动员急性损伤原因的个性剖析及应付策略初探

以损伤的交互作用理论(将损伤的发生看成是个体特性、技术、情境三者交互作用的函数)为指导,采用准则组设计与ABC分析法对91名中国优秀男子体操运动员(19.00±2.18)所报告的185例损伤从个性与管理角度进行了剖析。通过不同年龄组的典型内向型运动员与典型外向型运动员比较及不同年龄组的典型稳定型运动员与典型不稳定型运动员的比较,研究发现了不同年龄不同类型的运动员在急性损伤发生方面的一些共性与特异性,并针对性地提出了一些具体的应付策略。     

关于运动损伤应付模式与效果估价的思考

对运动损伤者的应付研究是继将认知中介因素引入应激与心理保健关系的研究之后,该领域研究的一个重要进展。对于运动损伤者的应激与应付的研究主要采取自我心理学模式和场合模式探讨运动损伤者的应付过程。对应付效果的估价要制定应付方式的价值和指标的选择。     

大学生应付方式和健康理念变化的研究

通过对不同年级大学生生活方式、应对方式和应付方式的调查,发现他们在应付方式上表现出成熟型、混合型和不成熟型的差异,在应对方式上表现出积极应对维度和消极应对维度上的差异,其健康理念也随在校的时间长短不同发生着变化。本文旨在为高校体育教育良性发展,提高教育质量献计献策,为完善大学阶段的健康行为培养模式提供参考依据。     

不同锻炼强度、持续时间、锻炼同伴与初中生应付方式的关系研究

为了了解身体锻炼与初中生应付方式之间的关系,采用文献资料法、心理测量法、数理统计法对江西省会昌县2所中学的453名学生进行调查分析。结果表明:在应付方式上,锻炼强度中等以上、锻炼持续时间8~12周以上及有锻炼陪伴人的初中生,其成熟型应付方式因子的得分更高,并达到了显著性差异,中等锻炼强度对初中生的应付方式的影响最积极。     

体育活动作为考试应激的应付方法研究

选择特定的考试应激情境，使用心境状态量表（POMS）和锻炼感觉量表（EFI），通过实验比较的方法，目的为研究体育活动作为应付方法降低考试应激的效果，实验结果表明，参与体育活动能够有效地降低考试后产生的应激反应，改善心境状态；体育活动时心境状态的改善与运动愉快感的产生之间存在显著意义的相关关系。     

研究生体质与心理健康状况的调查与分析

通过文献资料法、心理测量法、体质测量法、数理统计法等,调查分析了研究生与本科生的生活事件、应付方式及体质健康等方面的现状,结果表明：（1）研究生生活事件的负性事件、总分等因子的频度和强度得分均高于本科生,且在婚姻和家庭因子上存在显著的差异;（2）研究生比本科生更倾向于采用积极的应付方式,而不倾向于采用消极的应付方式,且其利用求助等应付方式的有效性比本科生高;（3）研究生的身体形态、身体机能和身体素质都明显差于本科生;（4）研究生的心理健康水平优于本科生,但其一般健康状况、躯体症状、精神健康等均比本科生差。     

Coping in sport: A systematic review

The aim of this paper was to systematically review the literature on coping in sport, examining evidence for both the trait and process perspectives, the types of coping strategies used by athletes, gender differences, age-related differences, and coping effectiveness. A comprehensive literature search of SPORTdiscus, PsychLIT, and PsychINFO in November 2004 yielded 64 studies spanning 16 years (1988 - 2004). The results indicated that athletes use a variety of coping strategies. Forty-six papers supported or adopted the process perspective (Lazarus, 1999; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). There were also gender and age-related differences. Evidence was found to support three of the different models of coping effectiveness (goodness-of-fit approach, choice of coping strategy, and automacity). Based on this evidence, future research should address some of the methodological and measurement limitations of the sport psychology coping literature. In particular, prospective research designs that minimize the time delay between recall and the stressful experience are required to assess how coping changes over time. More attention to developmental issues to guide the formulation of sport-specific models to enhance our theoretical understanding is also required. Finally, coping effectiveness should be examined both in the short and long term, as a greater understanding of coping effectiveness has the potential to make a significant impact on applied practice.     

Attentional Patterns Involved in Coping Strategies in a Sport Context

We investigated the relationship between coping strategies and attentional bias after a sport competition. We administered the Ways of Coping Checklist (Paulhan, Nuissier, Quintard, Cousson, & Bourgeois, 1994) to 145 athletes immediately after they had participated in a sport competition. We also assessed attentional bias using a dot probe detection task. Results revealed that emotion-focused coping strategies led athletes to orient their attention away from threat, whereas athletes who adopted problem-focused coping strategies focused their attention toward threat. More precisely, problem-focused coping strategies are related to a facilitated detection of threat, not to disengagement difficulties. The vigilance attentional bias seems to be a compensatory strategy to cope with a stressful situation, such as sport competition.     

Stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness: gender, type of sport, and skill differences

The aim of this study was to examine stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness as a function of gender, type of sport, and skill. The sample consisted of 749 undergraduate athletes (455 males, 294 females) aged 18-38 years (mean= 19.8 years). Skill was classified as international/national, county, university, and club standard. Participants completed a stressor and coping concept map (Novak & Gowin, 1984). The results revealed gender, type of sport, and skill differences in relation to stressor frequencies, coping strategy deployment, and coping effectiveness. In contrast to previous research, females used a variety of problem-focused (e.g. planning, communication, technique-orientated coping) strategies more frequently than males. Team sport athletes reported a variety of sport-specific stressors relating to the demands of playing in a team environment. The group of national/international athletes reported using more planning, blocking, and visualization, and also reported that their coping was more effective than that of less-skilled athletes.     

散打运动员应对方式研究

文章运用问卷调查法,对江苏、湖北、辽宁和新疆4个队伍的88名散打运动员的应对方式进行了调查研究。研究结果显示,高水平的散打运动员更倾向于在竞赛中运用自我谈话策略,并且更善于控制自己的情绪,在训练中的动作自动化水平和目标设置水平更高;在竞赛策略上,男性散打运动员比女性散打运动员更多运用表象策略,且消极想法更多;在训练策略上,男性运动员更多运用放松、活化动员和放松策略,而女性更多运用情绪控制策略。     

An investigation of the five-factor model of personality and coping behaviour in sport

Coping strategies are important for performance in sport and individual differences may contribute to the coping strategies adopted by athletes. In this study, we explored the main and interactive effects of the big five personality dimensions on sport-related coping and compared personality profiles of discrete groups of athletes. Altogether, 253 athletes (mean age 21.1 years, s=3.7) completed the NEO-FFI (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and the Coping Function Questionnaire for Sport (Kowalski & Crocker, 2001). Results showed that extraverted athletes, who were also emotionally stable and open to new experiences (a three-way interaction effect), reported a greater use of problem-focused coping strategies. Conscientious athletes (main effect), and athletes displaying high levels of extraversion, openness, and agreeableness (a three-way interaction effect), reported a greater use of emotion-focused coping strategies, and athletes with low levels of openness, or high levels of neuroticism (main effects), reported a greater use of avoidance coping strategies. Different personality characteristics were observed between higher-level and lower-level athletes, between men and women athletes, and between individual and team sport athletes. These findings suggest that the five-factor model of personality can help distinguish various levels of athletic involvement and can help identify the coping strategies athletes are likely to adopt during participation.     

运动员运动生涯逆境及应对的质性研究

不同层次运动员所遇到的逆境及相应的逆境应对策略也被看作是不同的.对来自2个训练基地7个运动项目的36名运动员、10名教练员和6名项目领导进行半结构式访谈,介于60至90分钟.访谈录音被逐字逐句地转换成文字,并采用启发式决策指导框架进行数据分析.研究者最后确定了3个层次的运动员所面临的典型逆境,即最底层运动员的10个方面典型逆境,中间层运动员的12个方面典型逆境,最高层运动员的4个方面典型逆境.不同层次的运动员会遇到不同的典型逆境,他们也从不同的角度来感知逆境并使用不同类型的应对策略.     

Perfectionism and training distress in junior athletes: The mediating role of coping tendencies

Training distress occurs when athletes fail to cope with physiological and psychological stress and can be an early sign of overtraining syndrome. Recent research has found that perfectionism predicts increases in training distress in junior athletes over time. The current study provides the first empirical test of the possibility that coping tendencies mediate the perfectionism-training distress relationship. Adopting a cross-sectional design, 171 junior athletes (mean age?=?18.1 years) completed self-report measures of perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, problem-focused coping, avoidant coping, and training distress. Structural equation modelling revealed that avoidant coping mediated the positive relationship between perfectionistic concerns and training distress, and mediated the negative relationship between perfectionistic strivings and training distress. Problem-focused coping did not mediate any relationships between dimensions of perfectionism and training distress. The findings suggest that the tendency to use coping strategies aimed at avoiding stress may partly explain the relationship between perfectionism and training distress but the tendency to use, or not use, problem-focussed coping does not.     

提高运动员应对能力的实验研究

采用认知—情绪控制训练的方法,对训练前后与应对能力变量关联的测评指标进行了统计检验。结果显示,实验组训练后在自信心、意志力和处理难题能力等方面较之控制组均有统计显著性,表明认知—情绪控制训练对于帮助运动员提高应对能力具有良好效果。4个月以后这种变化有下降趋势,可能是训练时间短,认知训练深度不够所致。提示,若要使运动员应对能力发生持久稳定的变化,必须把认知—情绪控制训练贯穿到整个运动训练过程中去。     

Coping strategies and the influence of perceived parental support in junior national age swimmers

This study examines how national junior age group swimmers cope with poor performance and explores whether coping strategy use changes with perceptions of parental support. One hundred and four junior age group swimmers (mean age 14.2 years) completed a modified version of the COPE scale (Crocker & Issack, 1997) and the perceptions of Perceived Parental Support Scale (Van Yperen, 1995). Results showed that the swimmers in this sample used a mixture of behavioural and cognitive strategies with an emphasis upon individual or internally focused approaches. When analysing coping strategies and perceptions of parental support (high, medium and low), significant differences were found in the use of behavioural and cognitively orientated approaches. When perception of parental support was low, swimmers reported using less active and training-orientated mechanisms and a tendency to use strategies such as self-blame and venting of emotion. These findings suggest that the effectiveness and ability of coping strategies to adapt to differing situations may be contingent upon perceptions of perceived support for junior swimmers. This highlights an area for future research.     

Managing pressure: patterns of appraisals and coping strategies of non-elite and elite athletes during competition

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare moment-to-moment appraisals and coping strategies of 4 non-elite and 2 elite male trap shooters during competitions and in particular during periods of competition perceived as critical to performance. Appraisals and coping patterns of trap shooters were captured via verbal reports of thinking provided between sets of shots during major competitions. Verbal reports were coded according to an appraisal and coping typology. Coded data as well as shooting performance data were subjected to a sequential analysis of probabilities of pairs of events. Fewer reports of negative appraisals (NEGAs) and more frequent reports of problem-focused coping (PFC) were observed among both elite athletes compared to non-elite athletes. After making a NEGA, non-elite shooters often progressed to the next target without attempting to cope, whereas elite shooters used both PFC and emotion-focused coping (EFC) before proceeding to the next target. After missing a target, the non-elite athletes used more EFC than expected. These results indicate that elite athletes are more likely to cope with NEGAs than non-elite athletes using a wider variety of coping strategies. Athletes might benefit from increased awareness of the potentially detrimental impact of NEGAs on performance and by integrating coping strategies within preparatory routines.