果洛州大武镇近47年来气候变化特征分析

本文利用果洛州气象台1960-2006年气温、降水量、蒸发量、风速、日照时数资料,分析了大武镇年及各季、年代际气候变化特征.结果表明:该地区气温变化趋势与全球及我国的气温变化总趋势是一致的,呈明显增暖趋势,增温速率为0.23℃/10a,冬季增温幅度最大,达0.37℃/10a,秋季增温最小,为0.11℃/10a.年降水量呈减少趋势,气候倾向率为-7.37mm/10a,冬、春季呈增多趋势,而夏、秋季呈减少趋势,且夏季降水减少幅度最大,达6.9mm/10a.年蒸发量呈明显的减少趋势,减少幅度为46.5mm/10a,春、夏减少量最为明显,分别为15.3mm/10a、15.2mm/10a.年平均风速总趋势是增加的,增加幅度为O.05m·s-/10a.年日照时数呈增加趋势,增加率为12.3h/10a.     

辽宁省农业气候资源变化特征分析

利用1971年～2000年辽宁地区54个气象站30年气候资料,应用线性气候倾向率方法对年和春、夏、秋、冬四季的光热水等主要农业气候资源要素进行诊断分析,应用Mann-Kendall方法完成了对主要农业气候资源要素的突变性检测。结果表明,近30年来,辽宁省增温趋势明显,热量资源更加丰富,特别是平均最低气温增温幅度尤其显著,冬季增温比春、夏、秋季都显著;气温、积温、无霜期等热量资源在20世纪80年代末期同步发生突变。降水量出现减少的趋势,趋势并不剧烈,但季节性明显,秋季降水减少的贡献最大,与降水有密切关系的蒸发潜力和降水蒸发差的变化趋势并不明显,不存在突变现象。太阳辐射与日照时数变化趋势一致,在1982年发生突变,并一直呈下降趋势,太阳辐射量和日照时数的减少,主要表现为夏季的欠缺。辽宁总体的农业气候变化存在以“气温显著升高,降水、日照减少”为主要特点的暖干化趋势,这种趋势在秋季表现得更为明显一些。最后简要讨论了农业气候资源的变化给辽宁农业生产带来的主要影响问题。     

青海省玛多县近50年水热变化特征分析

本文利用1961～2010年玛多气象站气象观测资料,通过对其地区气温、降水量及蒸发量的年变化和春、夏、秋、冬四季及年代的变化分析,结果表明：近50年来玛多地区年平均气温和降水量均呈上升趋势,蒸发量呈下降趋势;气温的四季变化均有明显上升趋势,其中冬季的气温上升最为明显,增温率为0．71℃／10a。近50年极值气温变化更大,最低气温极值21世纪初10年比上世纪70年代偏高12-2℃,最高气温极值21世纪初10年比上世纪60年代偏高2．0℃;玛多县降水量呈上升趋势,冬季上升趋势相对较小;近50年的蒸发量虽然呈下降趋势,但蒸发量远远大于降水量,所以干旱期延长,气候趋于暖干化,对牧草的生长极为不利,气候原因使草场的退化速度加快。     

西藏日喀则地区四十年气候变化分析

经资料分析,结果表明,近四十年来日喀则地区气候逐渐变暖,特别是进入８０年代以来增强尤为明显,增温幅度西部地区明显大于沿江河谷主要农区,南部边缘地区,气温异常暖在冬夏两季均可发生,而且近年来有增多趋势,而大范围异常冷近来很少见。出现降水在西部地区,沿江河谷主要农区减少,而南部边缘地区增多的现象。     

赤峰市暖干化气候趋势分析

应用1960年~2015年56年赤峰市14个气象观测台站降水、温度等资料,分析了赤峰市温湿的变化趋势,得出如下结论:1赤峰地区气候变暖明显,年平均气温增温率是0.30℃/10a,其中冬季增温最显著,其次是秋季和春季,夏季最弱;2月际变暖趋势不同,为0.6℃/10a~0.1℃/10a,其中9月份、2月份增温最显著;3年降水量呈多—少—多—少的变化趋势,以夏季降水量偏少为主;4自1999年以来,暖干化趋势显著;5近年来,在暖干化的气候背景下,温度波动较大,出现多次阶段性低温;降水时间分布不均,旱涝并发;灾害呈多发态势。     

那曲地区近代气候变化及气候湿润度变化特征

根据对那曲地区中、东、西部三个区域代表站2017年以前30年的降水量、平均气温、蒸发量和气候湿润度指数进行时空分析,发现那曲地区降水量呈逐年增加趋势,东部和西部降水量增幅明显,且夏半年增幅贡献率大于冬半年,中部降水量增幅不明显;平均气温随年代呈波动上升趋势,冬半年升温幅度比夏半年高;蒸发量呈逐年减少趋势,冬半年减少趋势较夏季明显;在这种气候条件下,那曲地区气候湿润程度没有上升,反而有小幅下降的趋势。那曲地区继续维持半干旱气候区特征。     

1936—2018年环北极典型流域气温与降水时空变化

降水是环北极地区水资源的主要来源。定量分析气温与降水时空变化是深入理解环北极地区陆地水循环过程的基础。本文选取鄂毕河、叶尼塞河、勒拿河流域为对象,利用167个俄罗斯国家气象站点1936—2018年的气温与降水观测数据,结合线性趋势分析和Mann-Kendall突变点检验,揭示环北极典型流域气温与降水的时空变化特征。结果表明：①鄂毕河、叶尼塞河和勒拿河流域多年平均气温为0.06 ℃、-2.98 ℃、-7.41 ℃,年均增温速率分别为0.27 ℃/10 a,0.22 ℃/10 a,0.15 ℃/10 a。年内极端最低温（TNn）上升尤为明显,约为年均增温速率的1.3倍,春、冬季增温速率大于夏、秋两季;②鄂毕河、叶尼塞河和勒拿河流域多年平均降水量为496 mm、428 mm、369 mm;年降水量显著增加,其中叶尼塞河流域增速较慢（3.36 mm/10 a）,而鄂毕河（13.02 mm/10 a）和勒拿河（9.59 mm/10 a）流域增速较快,降水增加集中在春、秋、冬三季;③在空间上,增温较快的区域集中在西伯利亚高原和山地,最大增温速率达0.60 ℃/10 a,而平原地区普遍偏低;降水的空间差异大,西伯利亚南部高海拔地区（>1100 m）年降水量达1000 mm左右,北部低海拔地区普遍为300~ 600 mm。上述观测数据指示,环北极流域正在变暖变湿,且空间差异大,可能与“北极放大”及流域下垫面条件有关。     

1960-2013 年中国东南沿海地区旱涝时空变化特征及其趋势分析

采用气候倾向率、标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和Mann-Kendall趋势分析等气候诊断方法,分析了1960-2013年我国东南沿海地区旱涝灾害的时空变化特征。结果表明:1近54年东南沿海地区气候暖化趋势明显,增温速率从南向北逐渐增加,浙江增温明显高于广东,降水稳定波动,并未表现出明显的线性增长;2近54年东南沿海地区旱涝变化具有明显的阶段性,20世纪60年代以旱灾为主,70年代涝灾频率呈上升趋势,80年代旱涝频次大致相当,90年代旱灾减少,极端涝灾增多,2000-2013年正常年份逐渐减少,旱灾大幅增加;3在空间分布上,东南沿海旱涝频次具有明显的地域分异,旱灾呈现为“南少北多”的格局,广东西南沿海、福建北部以及浙江南部旱灾频次相对较高;涝灾表现出“南重北轻”的格局,雷州半岛,福建建瓯、德化、龙岩等地和浙江东部地区更易发生涝灾;4在空间变化趋势上,历史上旱灾频次较低、涝灾频次较高的华南地区趋于干旱,旱灾频次较高、涝灾频次较低的北部地区趋于湿润;不同地区旱涝变化的季节响应存在差异,粤北以春冬旱为主,闽南以春秋旱为主,浙江北部全年均呈现湿润趋势;5在区域尺度上,东南沿海地区旱涝灾害与气候暖化并不同步,广东气温增幅相对较小,降水变化平稳,区域旱灾频次明显上升;浙江增温幅度最为明显,但是并未呈现干旱化趋势,相反涝灾呈现增加趋势。     

南京市近60年气候变化及其对冬小麦产量影响

利用国家气象中心提供的南京市近60年逐月气温、降水资料,运用线性回归和多项线性拟合对南京市的温度、降水、干燥度等气候敏感性因子进行趋势分析,并运用Mann-Kendall(M-K)对温度、降水、干燥度进行突变检测,分析南京市冬小麦产量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:①气温呈不断上升趋势,线性倾向率为0.25℃/10年。气温季节变化表现为以春季为主,秋季、冬季为辅,夏季为稳的特点,且自1975开始突变;②降水呈缓慢增长的趋势,线性倾向率为12.45mm/10年。20世纪80年代后期开始旱涝交替明显,季节变化呈春秋季下降、夏冬季上升趋势,自1973年开始突变;③干燥度呈上升趋势,暖干化趋势明显,春、秋、冬季暖干化明显,夏季暖湿化趋势明显,自1975开始突变;④冬小麦产量呈上升趋势,与气候拟合效果较好,R=0.626,通过a=0.05检测,拟合结果表明与与气温变化呈正相关,与降水、干燥水平呈负相关关系。     

沙坪坝库区气温和降水变化特性研究

利用沙坪坝库区气象站观测1956-2017年的气温和降水资料,采用线性回归分析,趋势线分析、累积距平统计量与信噪比检验方法,对62年来的气温和降水变化进行特性分析。结果表明:沙坪坝区年平均气温和降水量都出现减小的趋势,不考虑量纲差异,其降低速率具有相关性,大致年平均气温每下降1℃,年降水量减少171mm。四季气温变化趋势为春、夏两季平均气温基本稳定,秋、冬两季平均气温增加,四季降水量变化表现为春、夏两季降水量有所增加,秋、冬两季降水量有所减小。     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Stern-Gerlach effect goes chiral

Prof. SUN Changpu from the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics and coworkers from University of Basel in Switzerland have worked out a way --at least in theory --to split a beam of molecules according to their chirality. The technique involves passing the molecules through three different laser beams and is similar to the famous Stern-Gerlach effect, whereby a beam of atoms passing through a magnetic field is split in two according to the atoms＇ spin states （Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 130403）.