对心理因素在少年排球运动员比赛中发球稳定性的研究

1．心理因素对发球稳定性的影响 1．1自我效能与归因．自我效能是一个人对自己能否成功完成一项任务的信心、期望和所具备的潜能的认识。许多研究表明，自我效能越高，努力程度越高，运动成绩越好。运动员对自己行为归因如何，会对其成绩产生重要影响。把成败归于何种因素，对其情绪体验和今后工作的积极性有深刻影响。运动员有过因关键时刻发球不过网而使球队输球的经历，由于归因不同，一方面，可能会降低运动员的自我效能，对关键球的处理缺乏自信，另一方面，也可能会陡然提高运动员的自我效能评价，使其痛定思痛，超越自我。     

运动自我效能感量表的初步编制

依据自我效能理论和竞技运动的相关理论知识构建运动自我效能感量表的初步框架，结合运动员访谈结果编制运动自我效能感初量表。对180名运动员施测，数据采用项目分析和因素分析等方法考察问卷的信度、效度。结果表明，经修订后该量表具有较好的信度和效度，其结构可包括训练效能感和比赛效能感两个维度。由此得出结论：该量表可用于我国运动员的运动自我效能感的研究。     

体育运动中自我效能研究现状及发展趋势

简述自我效能理论,分析自我效能与运动成绩、锻炼行为、运动动机、运动归因等关系的研究现状,阐述体育运动中增强个体自我效能感方法、测量自我效能感工具的研究成果,并探讨体育运动中自我效能未来的研究发展趋势。     

自我效能理论研究及其在体育领域的运用

自我效能研究是近年来教育学、心理学领域研究的热点问题。本文对自我效能的概念、理论基础、三个维度、信息源问题、主体作用机制等问题以及自我效能与运动成绩、努力、动机、归因、奖励、性别、不同运动项目之间的关系以及自我效能量表等进行了归纳与总结,在此基础上讨论了自我效能在体育领域中的研究与运用,为自我效能在体育领域的进一步研究提供借鉴。     

体育院系速滑普修课应用自我效能理论的实验研究

自我效能理论是班杜拉学习理论体系的重要组成部分。此文通过实验研究证实,体育院系速滑普修课教学中应用自我效能理论可影响学生自我效能的形成;提高学生速滑技术水平;能改变差生的弱势心理倾向,增强他们的学习信心。     

运动行为的理论与其模型

理解和促进健康相关的训练和身体活动需要有合理的理论基础．本文运用4种理论方法阐述了运动行为的理论．这种理论是：信念态度理论(HMB)；能力论；控制论；决定论，并在此理论基础上进一步阐述了：健康信念模型；保护性动机理论(PMT)；合理行为理论(TRA)和计划行为理论(TPB)；自我效能论(SET)；控制点论(LOC)；自我决策论；行为变化的跨理论模型(TTM)．我们得出：在运动行为研究领域最得到支持的理论是：TPB，SET和TTM而SDT理论开始受到关注和支持．     

一般自我效能与冰雪运动参与的关系：一个有中介的调节模型

为探讨一般自我效能与冰雪运动参与行为的关系,揭示锻炼自我效能和锻炼效果认知在一般自我效能与冰雪运动参与行为间的作用机制,采用问卷法对366名大学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)一般自我效能通过锻炼自我效能的部分中介作用间接预测冰雪运动参与行为;锻炼效果认知调节一般自我效能和冰雪运动参与行为的关系;整体模型检验发现,一般自我效能、锻炼自我效能、锻炼效果认知、冰雪运动参与行为构成了一个有中介的调节模型;(2)一般自我效能和锻炼自我效能是两个不同且有联系的层次。本研究结果扩展了锻炼行为的研究领域,有利于揭示冰雪运动参与的影响因素和内在作用机制,对促进大学生乃至全民冰雪运动参与具有一定启示意义。     

"动因——手段——目的"三模式理论中的动机和知觉控制浅析

根据斯金纳·埃伦提出的“动因———手段———目的”三模式理论和她的“能力系统”模式 ,分析了运动和锻炼心理学中与知觉控制有关的内容 ,即控制点、归因、自我效能、成就目标、自我决策和计划行为理论中的行为控制感 ,为将来这个领域中有关知觉控制的研究应该注意的方面提出了建议。     

自我效能感测量中存在的问题与对策

分析了目前自我效能感测量中存在的主要问题,并依据班杜拉的自我效能理论提出了解决对策,再以高中学生运动自我效能感的测量为例,对所提出的对策进行验证,证明对策具有可行性。     

运动自我概念与运动自我效能对大学生体育锻炼行为的影响

研究运动自我概念与运动自我效能对大学生锻炼行为的影响及它们之间的相互关系。以天津934名大学生为研究对象进行问卷调查,结果显示男生体育行为、运动自我概念和运动自我效能总体均高于女生;四年级大学生体育锻炼的积极性明显低于其它年级;女生的运动自我概念与运动自我效能通过交互作用影响体育锻炼行为,而男生的体育锻炼行为主要受运动自我效能影响;性别、运动自我概念与运动自我效能是预测体育行为的主要因素。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。