不同产业集群中企业家认知网络演化路径差异/FONT

企业家网络是企业家获取知识、识别商业机会的重要渠道。企业家网络的发展嵌入在一定的社会背景中,受其影响和制约。本文比较了内生型和外源型两种产业集群背景中企业家网络的演化路径差异,发现内生型集群中的企业家本地网络密集,同时表现出较强的开放性,多样性的信息十分丰富。而外源型集群中的企业家网络是随着外部企业的迁入而整体移植的,主要承载了单一的生产性知识的传递。另外,企业家网络发展路径的不同,也导致了企业家认知行为的差异。     

企业家社会网络、双元性创新与技术创新绩效研究

学术界对企业家社会网络影响企业创新的作用路径"黑箱"至今尚缺乏探讨。本文基于社会网络、双元性创新等研究,以151位高技术民营企业家为研究对象,讨论了双元性创新在企业家社会网络和创新绩效之间的中介作用。研究结果表明:企业家社会网络对技术创新绩效有显著正效应;存在探索式创新和利用式创新两种中介机制;企业家社会网络的广泛性、达高性和关系强度主要通过利用式创新机制影响技术创新绩效,而异质性和广泛性则主要通过探索式创新机制影响技术创新绩效。     

产学研合作创新网络时空演化模型及实证研究——基于广西2000—2013年的专利数据分析

为明晰产学研合作创新网络时间阶段递进和空间结构优化的协同演化路径。首先,基于生命周期和拓扑结构双重视角,构建了产学研合作创新网络时空演化模型,运用社会网络分析方法研究合作创新网络的空间状态,引入信息熵测度网络空间演化的有序度,并运用最优分割理论确定网络时空演化路径;然后,基于广西电子信息产业2001—2013年的产、学、研联合发明专利数据,实证探究广西产学研合作创新网络的时空演化路径,发现网络演化先后经历了混沌形成、无序扩张和有序发展三个阶段,据此验证了产学研合作创新网络时空演化模型的科学性和可行性。     

内生型产业集群中的企业家社会网络和行为研究--理论假定和应用研究

本文指出经济学对产业集群现象解释的局限,并试图从企业家社会网络的角度来分析这一现象。通过构造环境、网络和行为三者之间的关系,在内生型产业集群环境下,利用“撒网”模型做应用研究,文章得出两点结论：第一,强联系在企业家撒网过程中起主要作用;第二,个体行为的路径依赖现象影响了企业家撒网的过程和结果。     

P不确定环境下企业创新网络演化研究/P P

  摘要：本文基于环境不确定性影响创新网络演化的视角,从技术和市场两大环境不确定因素入手,描述了萎缩、稳定、加强、动态平衡、紧缩和动荡六种创新网络类型,并在此基础上建立了创新网络演化模型。最后以新兴技术为例,对其创新网络演化过程进行介绍,由此归纳出“完全突破型”、“市场突破型”和“技术突破型”三条新兴技术发展路径。       

社会资本与家族企业网络的演进

随着信任由家族信任向制度化的社会信任的扩展以及由此而导致的社会信任水平的提高,家族企业网络将超越家族联网的限制,网络规模将日趋扩大和发展;同时,企业家网络对家族企业网络的发展和演化也具有重要的影响,从某种意义上讲,家族企业家网络等同于家族企业网络,家族企业网络可以看作是企业家的集聚区域,其重要性不言而喻。     

社会网络路径寻优的二阶系统及其震荡模拟仿真

创业企业竭力挖掘企业社会网络的关系价值、规模价值、结构价值,以促使3种价值最大聚集效应的产生,因此,创业企业社会网络是以其关系、规模、结构3个维度价值的变更为演化前提和方向的。从社会网络关系价值、规模价值、结构价值的演变趋势与寻优路径三个方面着手,分析创业企业社会网络的演化规律,总结创业企业社会网络演化的最优路径。     

自我监控、知识创新与合作网络的协同演化研究

针对当前社会网络研究中对个体变量以及网络动态性研究的不足,基于自我监控理论、网络演化研究与March的双E创新理论,主张不同的自我监控水平在网络构建与网络机会利用方面的差异将导致其发展出不同的知识创新,同时知识创新与发明者的合作网络将发生协同演化.基于此提出的理论模型揭示合作网络在两类创新驱动力作用下的不同演化路径,以及嵌入其中的个体所展现出的知识创新轨迹:探索型创新有助于个体获得网络中心性的位置,而该位置又限制个体的探索型创新而有利于个体的改进型创新;改进型创新和紧密网络之间在一段时间内相互加强,最后趋于收敛.最后,讨论该研究模型的理论和管理实践意义.     

大学生与企业职工创业社会网络演化特征比较

本文认为不同群体创业的社会网络演化特征既具有共性,又存在差异性,揭示了大学生、企业职工创业社会网络演化的关系强弱特征、结构拓扑特征、功能集成特征以及价值多元特征,构建结构方程模型并展开分组比较研究,得出:大学生、企业职工创业社会网络演化的关系强弱对功能集成不具有正向影响;关系强弱对价值多元不具有正向影响;结构拓扑对功能集成不具有正向影响;大学生创业社会网络演化的功能集成对价值多元具有正向影响,企业职工创业社会网络演化的功能集成对价值多元不具有正向影响。     

知识网络中知识存量离散性演化机理研究

运用知识存量理论、知识网络理论的分析方法,提出知识网络中知识存量离散性问题。通过模型假设和案例分析,构建知识存量离散性演化机理模型。认为在知识聚集度、知识转移速度和知识共振度的影响作用下,知识存量离散性经历四个阶段,沿着非线性S型路径演化。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.