白洋淀流域年径流变化趋势及气象影响因子分析

本文以白洋淀流域为研究对象,首先应用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法分析流域内8个典型水文站点近50年的年径流变化趋势。在此基础上采用Hurst指数法分析年径流变化趋势在未来的可持续性。利用Pettitt突变检测法分析各水文站点年径流发生突变的年份,比较突变前和突变后年平均径流量的变化情况。选取流域内和附近6个气象站点1957年-2006年近50年间的年平均气温和年降水量资料,对比其在突变年份前后的变化情况,分析气象要素对流域径流量的可能影响。研究结果表明：白洋淀流域各站点年径流量呈下降趋势且具有较强的持续性,且流域上游年径流下降趋势更为显著,而流域下游年径流下降值β高于上游;1979年是白洋淀流域年径流发生突变的年份,且突变后时段内平均年径流量显著低于突变前时段;对突变前后时期径流变化率的分析表明,沙河水系年径流变化可能主要受气候变化变化影响,而拒马河水系径流变化可能受人类活动影响主导;流域在突变年份以后气温整体升高约1℃,降水量约降低56.6mm,气象因子可能是径流不断减少的重要原因     

怒江流域降水与气温变化及其对跨境径流的影响分析

利用非参数统计检验方法对怒江流域降水、平均气温及径流等要素的单调变化趋势进行了显著性检验,并基于各要素时、空变化特点,分析了降水和气温的变化对径流变化可能存在的影响。结果表明：①怒江流域在1958年-2009年呈增温增湿的趋势。尽管流域年降水量呈增加趋势,但在最近20年却表现出较为明显的减少趋势;流域增温幅度越来越大,最近20年增幅达0.5℃/10a;②道街坝站径流量在1958年-2000年间检测到了显著的增加趋势,且增幅越来越大;③流域降水的时空变化特点加速了道街坝站径流量的增加趋势;④由于径流量补给来源及其比例的不同,各水文站径流量变化受气温和降水变化的影响也有所差异,受冰雪融水径流补给的嘉玉桥和道街坝站,径流量的增加由降水增加和气温升高引起的冰雪融水径流量增加共同影响,而气温升高对径流量的影响与冰雪融水径流所占比例大小相关。     

白洋淀流域气温与降水量长期变化趋势及其持续性分析

本文首先应用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对白洋淀流域7个气象站1957年～2006年50年平均气温、降水量序列的长期变化趋势进行分析,并进行显著性检验.针对Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法的不足,在此方法的基础上运用R/S分析方法,估算各时间序列的Hurst指数,得到流域气温、降水量的持续性特征,并采用随机重排法对估算结果进行稳定性检验,再结合两种方法得到其未来变化趋势及其持续性.研究结果表明:流域内平均气温具有明显的上升趋势,其中冬季气温贡献最大,且未来一段时间气温将呈持续上升趋势;降水量总体上呈现较为明显的下降趋势,其中夏季降水量的下降趋势最为明显,未来一段时间降水量可能持续下降.白洋淀流域未来气候将向干热化方向发展,这可能是白洋淀"干淀"的一个重要原因.     

1956-2013年元江-红河流域径流变化及其影响因素分析

国际河流水文变化和跨境影响一直是国际关注的焦点,从全流域尺度分析径流变化特征及其影响因素可为跨境水资源合理利用和管理等提供科学基础。本文基于元江-红河流域干支流6个水文站径流数据以及64个气象站降水、气温数据,分析径流的年内分配、年际变化特征、径流变化趋势和周期性以及气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。研究结果表明：①元江-红河径流年内分配不均匀,约80%的径流量集中于汛期（6-11月）。支流站点的径流年内分配变化大于干流站点,所有站点径流集中期均表现出提前的趋势;②径流年际变化剧烈,具有明显的丰枯特征,20世纪50年代中期-60年代中期为枯水期,60年代中期-70年代中期为丰水期,70年代中期-90年代初期为平偏枯水期,90年代中期-2002年为平偏丰水期,2002年以后为枯水期;③1956-2013年元江-红河年平均径流量呈减少的趋势,其中李仙江站减少趋势显著;R/S分析表明未来径流量可能呈增加的趋势;④蛮耗站和李仙江站的周期变化主要是4a、6~9a的年际变化和21~22a的年代际周期变化,Son Tay水文站在8~10a和21~22a的年际和年代际变化周期与上游蛮耗站和李仙江站基本一致;⑤流域降水变化是径流量减少的主要原因,人类活动一定程度上改变了径流年内分配特征,但对径流量变化的影响有限。     

中国小流域径流对气候变化的敏感性分析

全球变暖导致的水文水资源问题越来越突出。为了预测气候变化对径流水资源的影响,本文利用全国469个小流域20多年年平均降水量、年平均气温和年平均径流量数据,细分不同的气候情景,分析径流变化对气候变化的响应程度。结果表明：一般来说,径流与降水变化趋势一致,与气温变化趋势相反,但是在局部地区由于温度的升高增加的降水超过蒸发的影响,径流随着气温升高反而增加;干旱地区径流对气温比对降水的响应更加显著,而在湿润地区径流对降水比对气温的响应更加显著;其中年平均气温11℃－15℃、年降水量400 mm---800 mm的华北地区,年均径流深对年均降水量的响应最敏感,而年平均气温低于5℃、年降水量低于400 mm的内蒙古高原西部及新疆北部的天山和阿尔泰山迎风坡低山地带,年均径流深对降水的响应最小;年均降水量200 mm ---400 mm、年平均气温6℃---10℃的内蒙古高原东部,气温对径流的影响最明显,而年平均气温16℃---25℃,年平均降水量800 mm---1600 mm的长江中下游地区、西南的大部分地区以及华东华南的大部分地区,径流对气温的响应相对不显著。     

和田河流域气温与降水量长期变化趋势及其持续性分析

采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对和田河流域两个主要气象站点月、年平均气温序列和逐月、年平均降水量序列进行趋势检验,在此基础上运用R/S分析方法,估算各时间序列的Hurst指数,预测该流域气温、降水量的未来变化趋势及其持续性,并采用随机重排法对估算结果进行了稳定性检验。分析结果表明：和田河流域在过去近50年内,气温变化趋势以增温为主,秋、冬季增温趋势尤为显著;降水量变化总体上呈增加趋势,夏季降雨量增加趋势较明显;未来的气温、降水量变化趋势表现为较强的长程依赖性,说明在未来一段时间内,其上升趋势还将持续一段时间。     

石羊河流域出山口径流特征及其与山区气候变化相关关系分析

采用Mann-Kendall与Morlet小波变换对石羊河流域出山口近50年(1956年～2005年)的径流量进行趋势和周期性分析，结果显示石羊河流域出山口年径流量总体呈现平稳波动走势，近50年来处于历史较低时期。该径流存在30年以上尺度的年际变化和年代变化，以及22年左右的尺度、14年～15年尺度、约12年尺度和10年以下尺度的周期变化；中长尺度周期变化突出，30年表现为第一主周期。石羊河流域出山口年径流的周期变化与乌鞘岭站年降水量和年均气温周期基本上都能在同一周期上下浮动，其中出山口年径流量与乌鞘岭山区年降水量相关系数为0.61，说明地表径流量主要是由山区降水补给；年径流量与山区年均气温变化呈0.28的反相关，说明该流域近50年来出山口径流与山区气温呈反比，即径流量随年均气温上升而减少，相关性暂时不十分明显。     

长江上游降水变化及其对径流的影响

利用长江上游地区60个国家基本、基准站1960年-2009年的月降水量资料和干流区屏山、寸滩和宜昌3个水文控制站同期径流资料,分区域对长江上游地区的降水量、径流量变化趋势以及降水量和径流量的相关性进行了分析.主要结论如下:①年降水量呈上升和下降趋势的气象站点空间分布相对集中,分别分布在屏山站以上流域和屏山站以下流域;屏山站以下流域和整个长江上游地区年降水量近50年呈现下降趋势,屏山站以下流域秋季降水量的显著减少是长江上游年降水量减少的主要原因;②整个长江上游月降水量趋势从1月-7月以上升趋势为主逐渐转变到8月-12月以下降趋势为主,且月降水量变化趋势空间分布有从3月份至9份月由屏山站以下流域开始逐渐向长江源头过渡的趋势,到9月份整个长江上游基本呈减少趋势;③与降水量变化趋势基本一致,屏山站以下流域寸滩和宜昌站年径流下降趋势显著的主要原因是5月-11月径流的减少,且秋季下降显著,而屏山站春、夏、冬和年径流呈上升趋势,且春季和冬季上升趋势很显著;④整个上游地区面雨量与径流量具有很好的相关性,同期面雨量与径流量在月、季和年尺度上相关性都较显著.屏山以上流域隔月相关比同期相关性强.     

雅鲁藏布江中游地区气候要素变化及径流的响应

基于1956-2010年雅鲁藏布江流域中游及周边17个气象站逐日降水、气温数据,以及拉孜和羊村水文站逐月天然径流资料,采用小波分析、相关分析及多元线性回归等方法,定量分析了径流与气候要素变化特征及其响应关系。研究表明:1研究区增温趋势明显,平均增温速率为0.31℃/10a,径流的变化趋势与降水高度一致,均表现出增加→减少→增加→减少的波动规律;2年径流量与降水量均存在6.0~6.5a和15.5~16.5a的变化周期,而气温变化周期性稍差;3降水是研究区年径流变化最主要的控制因素,年径流量与年降水量的相关系数达0.89;但气温和降水同时影响着径流年内分配过程,且径流响应具有一定滞后性;44-9月降水量的丰枯决定着径流量变化,径流系数小于1.0;其它月份则以非降水补给为主,径流系数远大于1.0,年径流系数呈下降趋势,非降水补给因素对径流的影响在逐渐增强。     

长江上游川江段气温、降水及径流变化趋势分析

本文运用Mann-Kendall统计检验、线性倾向估计和小波分析等方法对长江上游川江段气象水文要素的长期变化趋势及周期性进行了分析。研究表明：①川江段气温、径流呈不同程度的减少趋势,而降水则呈小幅度增加趋势,年变化率分别为气温-0.0017℃、降水0.3023mm、宜昌径流-6.6668m³/s、寸滩径流-9.5840m³/s,其中寸滩径流量减少趋势十分显著,通过了5%显著水平的信度检验;②川江段气温、降水、径流序列具有不同的周期成分,如年平均气温具有4年、8年和23年主周期,年降水具有3年、6年和16年主周期,寸滩站径流具有3年、8年和16年主周期,宜昌站径流具有3年、16年和45年主周期,且在时域分布上也是不均匀的;③另一方面,在气温略有降低、降水略有增加的气候组合下,川江段径流却呈现减小的变化趋势,同时川江段寸滩站和宜昌站的年径流量从20世纪90年代后期至今在变化特征上也表现出相反的趋势,这是因为人类活动所致还是气候变化影响所致,还有待深入研究。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.