How can tacit knowledge be shared more in organizations? A multidimensional approach to the role of social capital and locus of control

This multidimensional study looks at the influence of social capital and internal vs external locus of control on tacit knowledge-sharing intention and behaviour, and the relationship between the two. The relations studied within the framework of the proposed model are tested by regression analyses. The findings indicate that social capital and its basic structural, cognitive, and relational dimensions tend to increase tacit knowledge-sharing intention, which gradually turns into behaviour because, according to Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour, behavioural intention is the immediate antecedent to behaviour (or according to Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour, a person’s intention to perform a behaviour increases as subjective norms become more favourable). It is further concluded that having an internal locus of control increases both the intentions and behaviour, whereas external locus of control only increases the behaviour. The study also concludes that tacit knowledge-sharing intention gradually turns into sharing behaviour. The study is considered to contribute to the field of knowledge management in various ways. In this study a multidimensional survey of 42 questions was used to investigate the research topic and its sub-dimensions, and the data were collected via face-to-face interviews. The population of the study was 106 nursing students, and all components of the research universe were reached. It was found that social capital positively affects and increases tacit knowledge-sharing intentions and behaviour. A research model based on the conceptual framework was developed and research questions were addressed by means of this model and the findings.     

感知知识个人所有权与隐性知识共享意愿——知识付费调节作用下的中介效应

[目的/意义]基于知识付费的中介效应视角，以在线社会网络为研究对象，分析知识个体的感知知识个人所有权、自我效能感对隐性知识共享意愿的影响机制，以期对促进在线社会网络运营主体充分调动知识个体持有者主动共享其隐性知识产生一定的启示作用。[方法/过程]基于对314名样本的数据采集结果相关性分析，构建回归分析模型，并通过MPLUS7.0软件对变量之间的作用关系进行分析。[结果/结论]1）感知知识个人所有权促进隐性知识共享意愿的提升；2）自我效能感完全中介感知知识个人所有权对隐性知识共享意愿的影响；3）知识付费程度越高，自我效能感对隐性知识共享意愿的正向影响会被削弱，自我效能感在感知知识个人所有权与隐性知识共享意愿之间所起的中介作用也会被削弱。     

社区奖励对隐性知识共享的影响:内部动机的中介作用

通过设置虚拟社区奖励鼓励用户分享知识,已成为众多社区促进用户知识共享行为的重要措施。社区奖励对知识共享的影响问题已经赢得了广泛的关注与研究,但其效果却一直存在争议。本文通过将虚拟社区知识共享行为划分为隐性知识共享和显性知识共享两种类型,探讨了虚拟社区奖励对两类知识共享行为的相对影响及其对隐性知识共享的作用机制。研究发现：虚拟社区奖励能够显著促进用户的显性知识共享,而与隐性知识共享存在倒U型的曲线关系;愉悦感和自我效能感在虚拟社区奖励与隐性知识共享之间起完全中介的作用。该研究结论不仅加深了对虚拟社区奖励对知识共享行为影响的理解,并且探索了虚拟社区奖励对隐性知识共享的作用机制,对社区合理设计虚拟社区奖励以促进用户的知识共享具有实践指导意义。     

开放视角下企业的知识治理和隐性知识共享

    隐性知识为企业技术创新及可持续发展提供了支撑,共享、整合和利用企业内外部隐性知识的研究得到学者们的广泛关注,但现有文献对如何促进组织间隐性知识共享的关注甚少。本文选取中国东部地区的186家知识密集型企业为调查对象,探讨开放情境下核心企业的知识治理与组织间隐性知识共享的关系。研究发现：知识治理对组织间隐性知识共享具有正向影响,组织开放度在市场型和层级型知识治理对组织间隐性知识共享的影响中均具有显著的调节作用,但在社会型知识治理对组织间知识共享影响中的调节作用不显著。该研究可为企业在创新网络中获得基于知识治理的创新和竞争优势提供借鉴。     

知识工作者内生动机、知识共享意愿与创造力：机制与路径

本文围绕“寻求推动知识型员工提升创造力的有效路径”这一基本研究问题,以41家银行的197名员工为调查对象,在对相关文献进行回顾和分析的基础上,依托社会认知理论构建并运用层次回归分析方法检验了一个包括中介环节的调节效应模型。研究结果表明知识工作者的内生动机对创造力具有显著正向影响;知识共享意愿在知识工作者内生动机与创造力之间起部分中介作用;自我效能感调节了知识共享意愿对知识工作者内生动机与创造力关系的部分中介作用。这些结论丰富了内生动机与创造力关系理论,同时有助于企业深入理解知识型员工内生动机的重要性及其如何通过知识共享意愿对员工创造力发挥作用。     

What drives employees to share their tacit knowledge in practice?

Tacit knowledge is internal to an individual in the form of know-how, experience or expertise. To create and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage, many companies have made substantial efforts to promote employees’ sharing of their tacit knowledge. In practice, however, tacit knowledge sharing (TKS) between employees is rare. This study empirically analyses the impacts of individual motivations and social capital on employees’ TKS in order to deepen and widen the understanding about the antecedents to employees’ TKS. Data collected from 713 employees in multiple industries were empirically tested by using structural equation modelling analysis through partial least squares. The analysis results show that anticipated intrinsic rewards and social capital positively influence employees’ TKS whereas anticipated extrinsic rewards have a negative effect on it. Furthermore, they show that employees’ attitudes, intentions and subjective norms of TKS play significant roles in linking the effects of individual motivations and social capital to employees’ TKS through a combination of expectancy theory and social capital theory based on the theory of planned behaviour. Theoretical and practical implications are presented on the basis of the major findings from this study.     

组织动机感知、损失感知及知识共享意愿

知识共享是当前理论界和实践界研究的热点。本研究基于文献研究在理性行动理论以及社会交换理论基础上,探讨员工组织动机感知、损失感知与知识共享意愿的关系以及面子的调节作用。通过对580份调查问卷进行实证研究发现,组织动机感知与知识共享意愿正相关,损失感知与知识共享意愿负相关;面子负向调节损失感知与知识共享意愿的关系;面子正向调节组织动机感知与知识共享意愿的关系。研究结论对于企业促进员工知识共享意愿提升企业创新能力有重要的理论与实践指导意义。     

网络能力、组织隐性知识获取与突破性创新绩效

运用网络能力高效获取外部社会网络中的组织隐性知识,对提升KIBS中小企业突破性创新绩效有重要意义。通过理论分析及对浙江省内213家KIBS中小企业的问卷调查和实证检验,研究发现:网络规划、配置、运作和占位能力对组织文化型和根植型隐性知识获取均有显著正向影响;两类组织隐性知识获取对突破性创新绩效均有显著正向影响;组织隐性知识获取对网络运作、配置能力与突破性创新绩效关系起部分中介作用,对网络规划、占位能力与突破性创新绩效关系起完全中介作用。     

知识共享行为、创新和复杂产品研发绩效

基于复杂产品研发的视角,运用知识管理和复杂产品系统理论,探讨关键干系人知识共享行为的两个构面、创新速度和创新质量与复杂产品研发绩效的关系,构建理论模型,并采用结构方程模型的方法对理论模型进行实证检验。研究结果表明:显性知识共享行为和隐性知识共享行为不仅对产品绩效和学习绩效有直接作用,还通过创新速度和创新质量间接影响产品绩效和学习绩效;同时,显性知识共享行为和隐性知识共享行为对创新和研发绩效的影响有所差异,显性知识共享行为对创新速度和学习绩效的影响较大,而隐性知识共享行为对创新质量和产品绩效的影响较大。     

The effects of individual motivations and social capital on employees’ tacit and explicit knowledge sharing intentions

Due to the importance of knowledge in today's competitive world, an understanding of how to enhance employee knowledge sharing has become critical. This study develops an integrated model to understand key factors of employee knowledge sharing intentions through constructs prescribed by two established knowledge management research streams, namely, those concerning individual motivations and social capital. This study classifies employee knowledge sharing intentions as either tacit or explicit and investigates whether the level of the determinants and their influences differ between the two. The research model is tested with survey data collected from 2010 employees in multiple industries. Analysis results show that the proposed model significantly explains the variance of employees’ tacit and explicit knowledge sharing intentions. This finding indicates that the model's unified perspective enhances our knowledge of how to improve employee knowledge sharing. The new findings reveal that organizational rewards have a negative effect on employees’ tacit knowledge sharing intentions but a positive influence on their explicit knowledge sharing intentions. The analysis results confirm that reciprocity, enjoyment, and social capital contribute significantly to enhancing employees’ tacit and explicit knowledge sharing intentions. Additionally, these factors have more positive effects on tacit than on explicit knowledge intentions. The implications of the new findings are discussed.     

企业开放式创新与突破性创新能力的关系——有调节的中介效应

开放式创新是企业获取外部隐性知识和扩大社会资本的重要渠道,对企业提高自身的突破性创新能力从而更加有效地实施突破性创新具有重要的意义。本文通过理论分析及对长三角高新技术企业的实证研究,得出以下结论：(1)开放式创新对技能型隐性知识获取、认知型隐性知识获取和企业突破性创新能力均有显著正向影响；(2)技能型隐性知识获取对企业突破性创新能力有显著正向影响,而认知型隐性知识获取对企业突破性创新能力的显著正向影响没有得到证实,但技能型隐性知识获取和认知性隐性知识获取显著正相关；(3)企业内部社会资本和企业外部社会资本在开放式创新和突破性创新能力之间均有正向调节作用,且前者的调节作用大于后者。     

Tacit knowledge acquisition & sharing,and its influence on innovations: A Polish/US cross-country study

This study measures the relationship between tacit knowledge sharing and innovation in the Polish (n = 350) and US (n = 379) IT industries. Conceptually, the study identifies the potential sources of tacit knowledge development by individuals. That is, the study examines how “learning by doing” and “learning by interaction” lead to a willingness to share knowledge and, as a consequence, to support process and product/service innovation. This study empirically demonstrates that tacit knowledge internalization and externalization (awareness and sharing) significantly mediate between tacit knowledge experimentation and socialization (acquisition) and its final combination (knowledge in action). While such theoretical assumptions already exist, they have not yet been empirically explained and revealed in a single structural model. Further, this empirical approach enabled a demonstration that internalization and externalization of tacit knowledge may occur consciously or unconsciously with equal success. Even so, the study also showed conscious tacit knowledge’s greater impact on innovation. Therefore, an organizational effort to manage autonomous, informal, and strongly contextual tacit knowledge is worthwhile and creates the capacity for superior competitive advantage. Finally, this study also demonstrates that national context influences tacit knowledge acquisition. In the US, “learning by doing” is dominant, whereas in Poland, “learning by interaction” and critical thinking are more common. This might be related to factors such as risk acceptance that could be studied in more detail and provide opportunities for future research.     

A multilevel model for effects of social capital and knowledge sharing in knowledge-intensive work teams

Although it is a widely held belief that social capital facilitates knowledge sharing among individuals, there is little research that has deeply investigated the impacts of social capital at different levels on an individual's knowledge sharing behavior. To address this research gap, this study combines a multilevel approach and an optimal network configuration view to investigate the multilevel effects of social capital on individuals’ knowledge sharing in knowledge intensive work teams. This study makes a distinction between the social capital at the team-level and that of social capital at the individual level to examine their cross-level and direct effects on an individual's sharing of explicit and tacit knowledge. A survey involving 343 participants in 47 knowledge-intensive teams was conducted for testing the multilevel model. The results reveal that social capital at both levels jointly influences an individual's explicit and tacit knowledge sharing. Further, when individuals possess a moderate betweenness centrality and the whole team holds a moderate network density, team members’ knowledge sharing can be maximized. These findings offer a more comprehensive and precise understanding of the multilevel impacts of social capital on team members’ knowledge sharing behavior, thus contributing to the social capital theory, as well as knowledge management research and practices.     

组织氛围、隐性知识共享行为与员工创新绩效关系的实证研究

通过引入员工的隐性知识共享行为,深入探讨了组织氛围对员工创新绩效的影响机制。结构方程模型分析的结果表明:信任氛围、沟通氛围和公平氛围显著影响员工的隐性知识共享行为,并且员工的隐性知识共享行为显著影响自身的创新绩效;沟通氛围和情绪氛围对员工创新绩效的直接影响显著;隐性知识共享行为在信任氛围、沟通氛围、公平氛围与创新绩效的关系中扮演着中介变量的角色。     

同事评价与研发人员知识共享：群体关注的调节效应

结合绩效评价理论、动机理论、社会交换理论和社会焦虑理论，通过对535名企业研发人员的问卷调查，实证检验了不同类型的同事评价对员工知识共享的影响机理。研究发现：（1）同事正面和负面评价对研发人员知识共享分别产生显著促进和削弱作用；（2）结果和过程导向的评价对知识共享均产生促进作用，其中，过程导向的评价对显性知识共享的促进作用更显著，结果导向的评价则对推动隐性知识共享更有效；（3）结果导向的评价弱化正面评价对显性知识共享的积极作用，过程导向的评价强化负面评价对隐性知识共享的消极作用；（4）在群体关注较高时，结果评价对显性知识共享的促进作用变强，对隐性知识共享的促进作用变得不显著。     

学术社交网络用户知识共享意愿的影响因素研究

[目的/意义] 从动机、机会、能力3个维度揭示学术社交网络用户知识共享意愿的影响因素。[方法/过程] 基于MOA理论,构建学术社交网络用户知识共享意愿影响因素模型,搜集数据并采用结构方程模型方法对模型研究假设进行验证。[结果/结论] 利他动机、声誉动机、社区认同动机、知识获取动机、信息质量、系统质量、自我效能对学术社交网络用户的知识共享意愿影响显著,社交关系动机、服务质量对学术社交网络用户的知识共享意愿影响并不显著。该模型对解释我国学术社交网络用户的知识共享意愿和指导学术社交平台建设具有指导意义。     

创新开放度、知识获取与高新技术企业成长

激烈的竞争环境推动企业实施开放式创新战略突破组织边界,通过获取丰富的外部知识来弥补自身不足以促进企业成长,但学界对创新开放度、企业成长与知识获取三者之间关系的理论分析和实证研究不足,为此,以国内316家高新技术企业为样本,运用结构方程模型研究验证三者之间的关系。结果表明：创新开放广度与深度对高新技术企业成长的影响具有差异性,不同类型知识获取的中介作用也有所不同。其中,创新开放广度对企业成长没有显著影响,而创新开放深度对企业成长具有正向影响;创新开放广度对显性知识获取没有显著影响、对隐性知识获取具有正向影响,而创新开放深度对显性知识获取与隐性知识获取均有正向影响;显性知识获取对企业成长的影响并不显著,而隐性知识获取在创新开放广度与企业成长之间具有完全中介作用、在创新开放深度对企业成长的正向影响中起部分中介作用。从而得到如下启示：企业要重视开放式创新战略,合理高效利用开放式创新网络;不断提高创新开放深度,有效控制创新开放广度;重视从多种途径获取知识,尤其是隐性知识。     

不同场景微信群的知识共享影响差异研究——基于ERGMs模型

微信群作为新型的社会关系组织模式，被广泛地应用在工作、学习、生活中。人们通过不同的微信群交流思想，传递知识。研究不同场景微信群内部的知识共享差异，可以解决微信群知识共享低效的问题，为多元化的知识治理提供支撑。以社会资本理论为基础，研究了结构资本、关系资本、认知资本对工作、学习和生活微信群内部显性、隐性知识共享的影响差异，并借助指数随机图模型（ERGMs）对其进行了实证研究。研究表明：工作场景下，影响隐性知识共享的关键因素是个体中心性、互动关系强度、认同、互惠和信任；影响显性知识共享的关键因素是个体中心性、认同、互惠、信任和共同语言。学习场景下，影响隐性知识共享的关键因素是个体中心性、认同、互惠和信任；影响显性知识共享的关键因素是个体中心性、互动关系强度、互惠、信任和共同语言。生活场景下，影响隐性知识共享的关键因素是互动关系强度、认同、信任和共同语言；影响显性知识共享的关键因素是信任和共同语言。     

联盟间伙伴关系对联盟绩效的影响研究

本文以战略联盟理论和社会网络理论为基础,208家高新技术企业为样本进行问卷调查,实证研究联盟伙伴关系、网络嵌入性与联盟绩效之间的关系。研究结果表明：联盟伙伴关系对联盟绩效有正向影响;网络强度在信任、沟通、信息共享与联盟绩效关系中起部分中介作用;网络稳定性在信任、沟通与联盟绩效关系中起部分中介作用,而在信息共享与联盟绩效关系中无中介作用。本文通过实证研究,证明了联盟伙伴关系对联盟绩效的作用机制,进一步拓展企业建立战略联盟的理论基础,对联盟内企业合理运用联盟内外网络获取知识和资源、提升联盟绩效具有重要的启示意义。     

跨学科创新团队知识异质性与绩效关系研究

论文把团队知识异质性分为团队显性知识异质性、团队伪隐性知识异质性、团队真隐性知识异质性,研究了其通过团队互动与团队创新绩效的关系。实证结果表明团队显性知识异质性通过团队互动最终影响团队创新绩效的作用并不显著;团队伪隐性知识的异质性对于团队沟通、团队知识共享、工作冲突、团队协作有显著的正向影响,且最终促进了团队创新绩效;团队真隐性知识异质性阻碍了知识共享,引发了团队人际冲突,这些都阻碍了团队创新。调节变量作用分析结果表明,团队信任能够显著调节团队沟通、知识共享、人际冲突、工作冲突、团队协作对创新绩效的影响关系。