促进身体锻炼行为的社会生态理论模型研究述评

身体锻炼行为转变的研究源自促进个体健康的研究，身体锻炼行为研究是健康促进研究的一个重要领域。促进身体锻炼行为的研究是这一领域的重要内容。为了解释身体活动行为或者为了说明身体锻炼行为受哪些因素影响，研究人员提出了一些身体锻炼行为的理论模型，社会生态行为理论主要考察人和它所处物理环境和社会文化环境的相互关系。行为的社会生态学模型主要研究社会文化和物理环境对个体行为的影响，考虑个体在行为改变过程中的环境支持。     

促进个体参与身体锻炼理论模式研究的现状及未来发展

如何促使个体进行身体锻炼和维持身体锻炼是现代西方国家有关身体锻炼研究的主要内容.研究者把身体锻炼作为一种行为来研究,身体锻炼行为转变的研究源自促进个体健康的研宄.促进身体锻炼行为的研究是健康促进研究的重要内容.为了解释或说明身体锻炼行为受哪些因素影响,研究人员提出了一些身体锻炼行为的理论模型.这些理论可以分为个人内部理论、人际理论和环境理论.通过行为转变理论模式的研究可以推理出行之有效的行为干预方法,为行为干预实践提供理论依据.阐述了促进身体锻炼主要的理论模式,并对其进行基本分析,指出了研究中存在的问题,对未来的研究发展提出了自己的观点.     

促进身体锻炼行为的阶段性改变理论研究述评

身体锻炼行为转变的研究源自促进个体健康的研究，身体锻炼行为研究是健康促进研究的一个重要领域。促进身体锻炼行为的研究是这一领域的重要内容。为了解释身体活动行为或者为了说明身体锻炼行为受哪些因素影响，研究人员提出了一些身体锻炼行为的理论模型，行为的阶段性改变理论是其中重要的理论之一。行为的阶段性改变模式把行为阶段和过程的概念应用到为了行为的改变而设计的可变程序活动中。这些阶段通过一系列修正行为的活动与行为改变联系在一起，认为修正行为的活动过程就是行为改变的过程。     

身体锻炼理性行为和计划行为研究的理论模式述评

身体锻炼行为转变的研究源自促进个体健康的研究,身体锻炼行为研究是健康促进研究的一个重要领域。促进身体锻炼行为的研究是这一领域的重要内容。为了解释身体活动行为或者为了说明身体锻炼行为受哪些因素影响,研究人员提出了一些身体锻炼行为的理论模型,个人内部理论是其中重要的理论之一。个人内部理论认为锻炼行为的根源首先主要在于个人的控制,用个体对行为的信念、态度和意向来解释意志控制行为的发生。     

促进身体锻炼行为的社会认知理论研究模式

身体锻炼行为转变的研究源自促进个体健康的研究，身体锻炼行为研究是健康促进研究的一个重要领域，促进身体锻炼行为的研究是这一领域的重要内容。为了解释身体活动行为或者为了说明影响身体锻炼行为的因素影响，研究人员提出了一些身体锻炼行为的理论模型，社会认知行为理论是其中重要的理论之一。社会认知理论认为可以通过操控个体的个人因素、环境因素、个体的行为归因来影响行为本身的变化。     

时限性自我调节理论：锻炼行为促进研究的一种新取向

身体活动不足或久坐少动的静态生活方式是影响人们身体健康的重要因素。参加体育锻炼是促使个体身心健康的重要生活方式。锻炼行为受哪些因素影响,锻炼行为如何解释、说明并预测,锻炼心理学领域有大量理论模型予以解释。其中,时限性自我调节理论(Temporal Self-regulation Theory, TST),作为一种新兴的理论模型被广泛关注。该理论模型是在“意图-行为”模型基础上,强调时间、行为优势和执行功能的一种新模型,在解释个体锻炼行为轨迹可变性时,考虑了自我调节需求。文章从TST模型的概要入手,通过对时间视角、体育活动、行为意图、执行功能、行为优势等理论成分分析及测评方法介绍,提出TST理论在锻炼行为促进领域中的应用及未来发展展望,以期为锻炼行为促进的研究提供理论支持与决策依据。     

青少年锻炼阶段量表的编制——以健康行为过程理论HAPA为基础

德国学者SCHWAZER于1992年提出了健康行动过程取向理论（HAPA）,该理论同时具有阶段性和连续性的特点,并将锻炼行为分为无意向阶段、意向阶段和行动阶段。在无意向阶段,个体并没有要决定参加体育锻炼;在意向阶段,个体形成了参与身体锻炼的意向,但仍旧处于无运动或运动不足的状态;在行动阶段,个体进行充分的身体锻炼。前人研究已经证实,该模型可以对成年人锻炼行为进行有效预测和干预,但前人研究使用的阶段量表大多直接取材于TTM的5阶段测量方法,并不适合健康行动过程取向理论的3阶段模型。为了准确地测量个体所在的阶段,更好地检验HAPA模型的结构,进一步提高模型的解释力和预测力,促进青少年锻炼行为的提高,以辽宁和湖南部分中学生为被试,编制了青少年锻炼阶段量表。结果表明：（1）青少年锻炼行为可以分为无意向阶段、意向阶段和行动阶段;（2）使用锻炼阶段量表可以进行3个阶段的划分;（3）青少年锻炼阶段量表具有较高的信度和效度,是测量青少年锻炼阶段的有效工具。     

健康行动过程取向理论在中国成年人锻炼行为促进领域的应用研究

对健康行动过程取向(HAPA)理论的结构和阶段的假设在中国文化背景下进行了检验,目的是为了更好地促进久坐少动的中国城市成年人的锻炼参与。采用结构公式模型对336名成年人的样本数据(年龄:28.77±6.10岁)进行了基于HAPA理论的结构检验;采用事后对比分析和多项式趋势分析对HAPA理论的非连续性模式和非线性趋势进行了检验,即对此理论阶段的假设进行了检验。研究的主要结论:1)HAPA理论模型可以在一定程度上有效地解释中国文化背景下成年人的锻炼行为;2)研究结果部分支持了HAPA理论为阶段理论模型。建议在后续的研究中需加大样本量对HAPA理论模型的结构及阶段的假设进一步验证;并采取纵向的研究设计基于HAPA对人们的锻炼行为进行干预。建议,促进个体规律地参与身体锻炼,需强调锻炼计划的制定与执行。     

不同锻炼阶段与锻炼益处及障碍认知的相关性研究

采用行为转变理论的体育锻炼阶段量表和健康信念模型的锻炼益处及障碍量表(EBBS)对320名城镇社区居民进行了问卷调查,通过文献资料法和数理统计的相关方法,分析了城镇居民的锻炼益处及障碍认知,以及与不同锻炼阶段的相关性。结果表明:居民在不同阶段的分布较为合理,锻炼行为阶段理论能够较为精确地对居民的体育锻炼行为进行解释;居民个体对于体育锻炼的多数益处项目表示"同意"或者"非常同意",说明居民虽然还没有完全形成有规律体育锻炼的习惯,但对于参加体育锻炼的好处有较为充分的认知;居民对于锻炼的障碍项目同意程度稍低,对于个体不参加体育锻炼行为的影响来说,运动障碍的作用比运动益处的作用更强烈;"锻炼环境"等外部因素只能够在短期改变个体的行为,并不能在行为的长期维持上起决定性的作用,而个体的内部因素或者锻炼动机是其锻炼行为改变和维持的主要因素,这为早期的运动干预提供了新的工作思路。     

促进大学生参与身体锻炼的理论研究:影响因素分析与理论模型构建

身体锻炼行为转变研究源自促进个体健康的研究.促进身体锻炼行为研究是健康促进研究的重要内容.采用实验研究的方法分析影响大学生身体锻炼的主要因素,确定锻炼倾向、自我认知、锻炼结果认知、外部强化、行动因子,锻炼条件为影响大学生参与身体锻炼的主要内外部因素,并进一步构建促进大学生参与身体锻炼的理论模型.     

Adolescent's Physical Activity: Association with Socio‐Economic Status and Parental Participation Among a Portuguese Sample

ABSTRACT

Although the health effects of physical activity during adolescence have been studied less frequently, physical activity seems to have a positive influence on some health concerns in adolescence. Moreover, few studies have reported consistently the relationship between parents’ socio‐economic status (SES) and physical activity habits and adolescents’ activities. Significant physical activity gender differences were reported (p ≤ 0.001). No evidence was found regarding the influence of socio‐economic status on adolescents’ self‐reported physical activity. Mothers (r= 0.23; p ≤ 0.0001) and fathers (r= 0.16; p ≤ 0.05) seem to have a significant influence on adolescents’ physical activity.     

体育课教学质量与学习满意度及课外体育锻炼意向关系研究

以东北石油大学大一、大三年级的学生为研究对象,采取问卷调查的形式对学生课外体育锻炼行为、体育课的教学质量、体育课学习满意度和课外体育锻炼意向进行调查,旨在了解学生业余时间的体育锻炼参与行为,并进一步探讨体育课教学质量与学生学习满意度及体育锻炼意向之间的关系。结果发现：学生对体育课的教学质量评价较好,学习满意度较高,且体育课教学质量和学习满意度均会影响学生的课外体育锻炼意向。因此建议教师要通过提高体育课教学质量和学生的学习满意度来进一步影响学生的课外体育锻炼意向,使更多的学生积极参加到课外体育锻炼中。     

Index for Volume 59 (1988)

Abstract

Numerous epidemiological investigations have shown that low physical fitness and low physical activity are related to the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Most studies, however, have not examined both variables concurrently to determine which has the strongest association with CAD risk. The purpose of the investigation was to cross-sectionally examine the relationships among physical fitness, physical activity, and risk factors for CAD. Male law enforcement officers (N = 412) from the City of Austin, Texas, were subjects for this study. Physical fitness, physical activity, and risk factors for CAD were assessed through health screenings and from data collected as part of an annual physical fitness assessment. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that physical fitness, but not physical activity, was related to several single CAD risk factors. Percent body fat, smoking habits, and Type A behavior score were negatively related to physical fitness level, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was positively related to physical fitness level. Univariate analysis of variance found both physical fitness and physical activity to be significantly related to a composite CAD risk score. Low physical fitness and low physical activity were associated with a high CAD risk score. These data suggest that physical activity must be sufficient to influence physical fitness before statistically significant risk-reducing benefits on single CAD risk factors are obtained, although minimal engagement in weekly vigorous activity provides a significant benefit for the composite CAD risk score. It is plausible, however, that physical fitness is a stronger measure than physical activity and optimally characterizes the relationship among physical activity and CAD risk factors.     

体力活动对学业成绩影响的研究进展

研究目的:探讨体力活动对中小学生学业成绩的影响,为促进中小学生体力活动提供理论支撑;找出现有研究的不足,为学者提供研究方向。研究方法:运用文献资料法,在web of sciense核心合集检索到2010-2020年297篇英文文献以及中国知网搜索到12篇国内文献。在总结现有文献的基础上,运用逻辑分析法,探讨体力活动对中小学生学业成绩的影响。结果与分析:大部分学者表明体力活动会对中小学生学业成绩产生积极的影响,且体力活动与学业成绩呈较低的正向相关关系。与LPV相比,MPV、MVPV是研究热点,且对学业成绩的影响更大。不同体力活动的组织形式、不同运动类型都可能会对学业成绩产生不同的影响。但从研究结果来看,多是积极的。结论与建议:本研究表明学生进行适当的体育活动能够提高学业成绩。学校可通过不同的组织形式发展多种不同类型中高强度体力活动提高学生学业成绩。     

A paradox of sport management and physical activity interventions

Managers of sports programs, facilities, and organizations can have a role in promoting health through physical activity participation. From the perspective of a leisure scientist who has examined various dimensions of leisure-time physical activity, this paper aims to appraise the status of how sports as potential physical activity interventions have been examined, particularly in the sport management literature. Although the purpose of many sport management organizations is to encourage spectatorship, sports have always offered significant opportunities for children and adults to be more physically active. Sports are a motivator for physical activity because they are enjoyable to participants. Therefore, research done by academics in sports management could reflect more about how mass participation recreational sports can serve as interventions to promote healthy physical activity behavior for individuals and within communities.     

Cultural and social factors affecting women's physical activity participation in Taiwan

The world is becoming a global village and within many professions, including physical education and sport, individuals have multiple opportunities to work and socialize with people from different ethnic backgrounds, cultures, lifestyles, religions, etc. Due to the increasing cultural diversity, it is important for physical education and sport professionals to understand how cultural and social factors of different ethnic groups and countries may influence a person from participating in physical activity. The aim of this paper was to examine some of the traditional and recent cultural and social factors that have an impact on women's participation in physical activities in Taiwan. Factors such as changes within the family structure, equal education opportunities, and the growing attention from the government toward physical activity for all have motivated and encouraged women in Taiwan to participate in physical activity. The other aim of this paper was to emphasize the importance of Taiwanese women's physical activity participation and to encourage continued involvement in physical activities.     

四川省城乡居民参加体育锻炼行为调查与分析

为全面了解四川省城乡居民参加体育锻炼的行为状况,对推进群众体育事业可持续发展提供科学依据。2008年在四川成都、自贡、广元三市采用＂入户方式＂进行问卷调查。结果显示,有32.1%的四川省城乡居民在2007年参加过体育锻炼,且全省＂经常参加体育锻炼＂的人数比例为23.7%（含在校学生）.日常生活中,体育锻炼项目以健身走和跑步为主,不同年龄段人群所选择的项目明显不同;同时,省内居民参与体育锻炼的意识有所增强,以＂防病治病＂为目的的人数比例最多,但有近70%的人在体育锻炼中没有接受过科学指导;而没有时间、缺乏参与体育锻炼的场地是目前省内城乡居民参与体育锻炼的主要阻碍;城镇居民在参加体育锻炼人数比例、经常参加体育锻炼人数比例、参加体育锻炼的消费等调查指标上都高于乡村,城乡差异明显存在。     

Parental and peer influences on leisure-time physical activity in young adolescents.

Influence from parents and friends on adolescents' self-reported level of leisure-time physical activity was examined through measures of (a) perceived leisure-time physical activity of parents and best friend, (b) perceived direct support for physical activity from parents and friends, (c) direct help from parents in exercising vigorously, and (d) perceived value of physical activity of parents and friends. The present analysis included 904 students in western Norway (M age 13.3 years, SD 0.3) who took part in a health behavior survey, which included questions regarding physical activity. Students completed a confidential questionnaire at school. All four measures of influence were positively related to students' activity levels. None of the examined measures was clearly stronger than the other. Parental and peer physical activity level and parental and peer support for physical activity seem to influence the reported physical activity level of the respondents. The findings indicate that, by serving as models and supporters, significant others have an important impact in promoting physical activity in young adolescents.     

A Reply to Chromiak and Stone

Abstract

Influence from parents and friends on adolescents' self-reported level of leisure-time physical activity was examined through measures of (a) perceived leisure-time physical activity of parents and best friend, (b) perceived direct support for physical activity from parents and friends, (c) direct help from parents in exercising vigorously, and (d) perceived value of physical activity of parents and friends. The present analysis included 904 students in western Norway (M age 13.3 years, SD 0.3) who took part in a health behavior survey, which included questions regarding physical activity. Students completed a confidential questionnaire at school All four measures of influence were positively related to students' activity levels. None of the examined measures was clearly stronger than the other. Parental and peer physical activity level and parental and peer support for physical activity seem to influence the reported physical activity level of the respondents. The findings indicate that, by serving as models and supporters, significant others have an important impact in promoting physical activity in young adolescents.     

青少年参与身体活动多层次分析研究综述——基于社会生态模型

我国80%以上的青少年学生没有达到相关部门建议的每天身体活动1小时的标准。初中生在校时间长,作业量大,课业压力重,离开学校之后很难再有参与身体活动的时间。文章基于社会生态模型在身体活动研究领域的现状分析,针对模型中的个体水平、人际间水平、组织水平,探讨各水平影响因素对初中生参与校内课外身体活动可能存在的影响,为未来制定针促进青少年参与身体活动的综合干预策略奠定基础。