高原地区人群体质监测结果及研究

依据《2 0 0 0年全国国民体质监测手册》的规定 ,在青海省的 1 0个州 (市 )、县进行了幼儿( 3～ 6岁 )、成年人 ( 2 0～ 5 9岁 )、老年人 ( 6 0～ 6 9岁 ) 3个不同年龄段人群的体质测试。结果表明 :城市 3个不同年龄段人群的体质好于农村 3个年龄段不同人群 ;青海省成年人和老年人因疾病住院治疗的比率排序位为 :消化系统疾病 >意外伤 >呼吸系统疾病 >心血管疾病 ;成年人体育健身意识薄弱 ,参加体育锻炼的人比率小 ;成年人吸烟人数比率高 ,达到 2 7.4 % ,并在 3 9岁之前吸烟人数呈增长趋势     

成都市居民体质现状和变化规律探讨

目的：通过对2010年成都市国民体质监测幼儿、成年人和老年人人群数据的系统分析,并与2005年监测结果进行比较,探讨成都市幼儿、成年人和老年人的体质现状及变化趋势,为全民健身发展提供参考依据。方法：以2010年成都市国民体质监测幼儿、成年人和老年人作为研究对象,选取形态、机能、素质指标等作为分析指标,对不同性别、不同年龄段等人群体质状况进行分析,并与2005年监测结果进行分析比较。结果：随年龄增长,成都市幼儿身体充实度和成年人肥胖程度逐步增加,进入老年以后,肥胖程度有所下降。城镇人群身体形态指标均大于乡村。动脉血压随年龄增长逐步升高,35岁以后增幅较为明显。身体素质在幼儿时期（3~6岁）随年龄增长而提高,成年以后,随年龄增长而下降。分析发现,城乡人群体质水平无显著性差异。与2005年监测结果相比,幼儿、成年人身体形态指标测试值有不同幅度的增加,而身体机能和素质指标测试值则有较大幅度的下降。老年人身体形态与2005年相比无显著性差异,身体机能和素质水平较2005年有所提高。2010年成都市市民体质综合评价不合格率大于四川省平均水平,而优秀率和良好率则小于四川省平均水平。     

山东省临沂市3～6岁幼儿体质现状调查

为了解临沂市3-6岁幼儿体质现状,对临沂市儿童进行了身体形态、机能和体能测试。测试结果表明,临沂市幼儿体质状况不容乐观,总体状况低于全省平均水平,城市幼儿的体质状况优于农村幼儿。     

山东省济南市3-6岁幼儿体质现状的研究

为了解山东省济南市3—6岁幼儿的体质现状，探讨影响幼儿体质发展变化的规律及完善国民体质监测网络。对济南市城区和3县的800名幼儿进行调查与测试。结果表明：济南市3—6岁幼儿体质状况良好。但男幼儿体质状况总体上落后于女幼儿；城市幼儿的体质状况略好于农村幼儿。     

南宁市幼儿、成年人及老年人体质现状特点

2 0 0 0年根据国家国民体质监测中心要求 ,对南宁市的幼儿、成年人及老年人的身体形态、机能、素质各项指标进行检测 ,结果显示南宁市不同人群的各项指标存在着年龄、性别、城乡、职业上的差异 ,体质总体达标率较低 ,3— 6岁幼儿体质不合格者超过 4 0 % ,2 0岁以后不合格者超过2 0 %。     

江苏省区域经济发展对国民体质的影响

把国民体质评价总分和国民经济发展指标相结合分析两者间的关系。江苏省幼儿体质与地区经济差异无关；儿童青少年体质与家庭收入有关；成年人和老年人体质与人口增长率及恩格尔系数相关；城市人体质与恩格尔系数负相关而农村相反，反映江苏省经济快速发展与居民体质整体改善尚不协调，特别是农村人群较突出。     

惠州市成年人身体形态特征研究

采取随机抽样法对年龄为20～59岁的惠州市城乡1809人进行了5项形态指标测试,提供了群众体质健康比较数据。同时对测试结果进行了城乡比较,对不同年龄段人的身高、体重、胸围、腰围、臀围各种指数及其派生指数的变化趋势进行了比较分析。结果显示,惠州市成年人身高比全国成年人低,农村成年人平均身高更低,克托莱指数也均比全国平均数低。惠州市男性腰臀比及男性城市非体力劳动者的体重、体重指数有随年龄增大的趋势。     

2000年福建省国民体质现状及特点的调查与分析

对福建省成年人、老年人、幼儿的体质现状及体育锻炼情况进行了研究 ,研究结果对指导福建省全民健身活动的科学开展 ,对今后长期动态地观察这 3类人的体质状况变化 ,对群众体育政策、法规的制定和实施有积极的作用和参考价值。     

2000年厦门市国民体质现状特点与分析

对厦门市成年人、老年人、幼儿的体质现状及参加体育锻炼等情况进行比较分析 ,为今后进一步开展群众体育活动提供参考依据。     

广东省农村成年人体质测定标准的研制

为更清晰准确的了解不同地区人群体质健康状况,促进体育锻炼,结合广东省人群体质状况,运用文献资料、专家访谈和数理统计等方法,研究制定了适应于广东省农村20-59岁成年人群的体质测定标准。本标准主要包括：该年龄段成年人的各单项指标评价标准和综合评级标准。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。