高海拔地区大学生肺通气功能特征与体质分析

在低氧环境中,高原久居的肺通气功能发生适应性改变,有很高的最大摄氧能力和负荷能力。对高原地区的大学生与新入住高原地区大学生的肺活量进行实验、检测、分析,结果表明,高原大学生的肺质量通气水平低于平原人及新入住高原的大学生,是其慢性低氧条件下通气改变的特征,而新入住高原的大学生则需要一定的适应过程。     

高原或低氧环境下脱水与补液的研究进展

高原或低氧环境下体液平衡的改变主要表现为脱水和尿钠排泄。这与低氧刺激下交感神经兴奋性提高,外周化学感受器激发肾脏反应及体液调节激素的改变有关。低氧刺激使机体对营养素和液体的要求提高,但摄入降低,因此,机体应当补充足够的营养素和富含碳水化合物及电解质的液体。综述了高原或低氧环境下机体的体液平衡改变及其机制,提出了低氧下补液的主要原则,并指出了亟待研究的主要问题。     

高原训练的作用

高原训练对运动员机体有着复杂的生理学和训练学效应。当运动员在高原(中等海拔高度)训练，通过高原低氧环境对运动员神经、心血管、呼吸、内分泌等系统的刺激，可以达到促进肌体从事运动的机能得到提高的目的。主要表现在运动员机体对氧的吸收、运送和利用等方面的能力得到增强，从而使运动员心肺功能得到改善。另外，高原低氧环境的刺激可促使运动员体内红细胞数和血红蛋白增加，从而使氧的运送能力得到提高。由上述生理学的改变可得出：耐力性运动项目进行高原训练，可以达到改善运动员机能状态、提高运动成绩的目的。     

低氧训练的应用研究与思考

一、低氧训练情况 低氧训练是在传统高原训练方法基础上发展起来的一种新的训练方法，主要采用人工制造低氧环境或吸入低氧气体，模拟高原低氧环境进行训练，以提高体能或进行低氧适应的方法。此方法是一种更具个性化的提高运动员运动能力的训练方法，可以作为整个训练系统中的一个环节应用于平时和赛前训练。目前，     

赛艇运动高原和低氧训练研究进展

高原训练和低氧训练作为提高运动员运动成绩的手段已经广泛应用于诸多耐力项目，赛艇运动也因合理地高原训练和低氧训练在一些国际大赛中取得了较为显著的成绩。本文综合各家赛艇运动高原训练、低氧训练研究成果进行综述，为赛艇运动高原训练、低氧训练的进一步发展提供参考。     

低氧预适应结合长时间亚高原训练对男子赛艇运动员运动能力的影响

目的探讨10 d低氧预适应训练结合8周亚高原训练对赛艇运动员有氧运动能力的影响,为新的训练方法在赛艇项目上的应用提供理论与实践依据。方法以16名优秀男子赛艇运动员为研究对象,低氧模拟海拔高度为1 200～1 500 m,采用HiLo训练。高原训练高度为1 500 m。分别于低氧训练前、亚高原训练中、下高原后进行测功仪6 km和6级递增负荷测试,记录测试中的总成绩、血乳酸、心率等指标。训练全程每周进行Hb、RBC等指标测试。结果 (1)红细胞系指标变化:与传统高原训练模式不同,和低氧训练前相比,低氧训练3 d,Hb下降(P<0.05),RBC和Hct保持稳定(P<0.05),三者在高原训练3 d即升高,并保持到高原训练3周(P<0.01),提示,10 d模拟低氧训练加快了运动员对高原阶段训练的适应。之后Hb在高原训练6周和下高原后2、3周出现两次峰值(P<0.01),RBC、Hct一直保持较高状态到下高原后3周(P<0.01),提示机体氧运输能力得到提高。(2)专项运动能力变化:与低氧训练前相比,下高原后测功仪6 km成绩提高2.34%(P<0.01),即刻心率下降2.66%(P<0.05)。6级测试后发现,与低氧训练前相比,高原训练后运动员无氧阈水平下的运动强度增大,乳酸-运动强度曲线发生明显右移。结论(1)10 d低氧预适应干预加快了运动员高原适应;(2)10 d低氧预适应结合8周亚高原训练这一训练模式提高了男子赛艇运动员机体氧运输能力和有氧运动能力。     

藏族高原适应研究

运用文献资料法,从生理学和人类学的视角,研究藏族在高原低氧适应条件下的体质健康水平和低氧适应能力。结果显示,在高原低氧的环境下,藏族形成了氧摄取、氧运输和氧利用3方面完美的结合,低氧适应已经达到组织和分子水平。结论:藏族在登山和以耐力性为主的竞技体育项目中有特殊的身体潜力,应该最大限度的发挥藏族的高原低氧适应能力。     

间歇性低氧训练研究进展

间歇性低氧训练作为传统高原训练方法的补充，已被广泛应用。国内外研究显示，间歇性低氧训练可以使机体生理机能及分子水平产生适应，如血液的EPO、RBC、Hb和骨骼肌HIF、VEGF、肌红蛋白以及毛细血管密度等产生一些适应性变化。由此．间歇性低氧训练可以改善运动员的生理机能和运动能力。     

模拟交替低氧训练对大鼠心肌相关生理生化指标的影响

模拟高原训练是能够避免高原训练弊端,最大程度激发机体生理潜能,提高运动员竞技水平的有效方法。本研究尝试从设计交替训练的海拔高度着手,通过应用人工低压氧舱模拟高原训练方法,建立固定海拔2500m、4000m以及2500m～4000m交替低氧训练的动物模型,通过应用生理和生化方法对大鼠心肌相关指标进行检测及研究分析,探讨不同海拔及交替海拔训练条件下大鼠心肌抗氧化能力、有氧代谢能力等的变化,从而为运动员高——高交替训练提供参考。实验以雄性Wister大鼠为实验对象,以递增负荷跑台训练方式建立动物训练模型。将筛选后的大鼠随机分为：常氧运动组、2500m低氧运动组、4000m低氧运动组、交替低氧运动组,每组8只。第1周到第4周各组分别以不同的跑台训练模型进行训练,下高原后第5天以25m／min的速度跑至力竭。全部断头处死后,取心肌组织,分别测试各组大鼠心肌中SOD、MDA、SDH、LDH、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性的变化。实验结果表明：经过4周不同海拔低氧递增负荷跑台训练及下高原后4天的训练,交替低氧运动组大鼠心肌各指标,如SOD、SDH、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性均高于其他各组,MDA低于其他各组,LDH活性组间无显著性变化。说明交替低氧训练既可以维持较高海拔的低氧刺激,又可以减少过高海拔造成的损伤,有利于机体恢复。     

游泳运动员高原结合低氧预适应训练中监控内容与方法研究

高原结合低氧训练在游泳项目中的应用是传统高原训练新发展,拓展了高原和低氧训练的效益和功能,日益受到科研工作者和教练员的重视,而这种新训练方法中有效的科研监控内容和方法将是训练是否达到训练目标的重要保障。通过对上海游泳队10名优秀运动员2007—2008年期间3次高原结合低氧训练进行全程跟踪,对训练过程进行全面的科研监控,并对高原结合低氧训练的科研监控内容与方法进行探索与研究,基本建立了游泳项目高原结合低氧训练的科研监控内容与方法,这将为该训练方法在游泳项目中的应用提供有效帮助。     

Relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen uptake attained during treadmill middle-distance running

Traditionally, it has been assumed that during middle-distance running oxygen uptake (VO2) reaches its maximal value (VO2max) providing the event is of a sufficient duration; however, this assumption is largely based on observations in individuals with a relatively low VO2max. The aim of this study was to determine whether VO2max is related to the VO2 attained (i.e. VO2peak) during middle-distance running on a treadmill. Fifteen well-trained male runners (age 23.3 +/- 3.8 years, height 1.80 +/- 0.10 m, body mass 76.9 +/- 10.6 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The participants undertook two 800-m trials to examine the reproducibility of the VO2 response. These two trials, together with a progressive test to determine VO2max, were completed in a randomized order. Oxygen uptake was determined throughout each test using 15-s Douglas bag collections. Following the application of a 30-s rolling average, the highest VO2 during the progressive test (i.e. VO2max) was compared with the highest VO2 during the 800-m trials (i.e. VO2peak) to examine the relationship between VO2max and the VO2 attained in the 800-m trials. For the 15 runners, VO2max was 58.9 +/- 7.1 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). Two groups were formed using a median split based on VO2max. For the high and low VO2max groups, VO2max was 65.7 +/- 3.0 and 52.4 +/- 1.8 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) respectively. The limits of agreement (95%) for test-retest reproducibility for the VO2 attained during the 800-m trials were +/- 3.5 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) for a VO2peak of 50.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (the mean VO2peak for the low VO2max group) and +/- 2.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) for a VO2peak of 59.0 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (the mean VO2peak for the high VO2max group), with a bias in VO2peak between the 800-m runs (i.e. the mean difference) of 1.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). The VO2peak for the 800-m runs was 54.8 +/- 4.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) for all 15 runners. For the high and low VO2max groups, VO2peak was 59.0 +/- 3.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (i.e. 90% VO2max) and 50.6 +/- 2.0 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (i.e. 97% VO2max) respectively. The negative relationship (-0.77) between VO2max and % VO2max attained for all 15 runners was significant (P = 0.001). These results demonstrate that (i) reproducibility is good and (ii) that VO2max is related to the %VO2max achieved, with participants with a higher VO2max achieving a lower %VO2max in an 800-m trial on a treadmill.     

关于最大摄氧量的限制因素

影响最大摄氧量的生理学因素有:氧运输系统被称为中枢因素,骨骼肌氧利用系统被称为外周因素。研究表明,运动形式不同,限制因素不同。心肺系统是人体在完成最大全身运动时最大摄氧量的限制因素,而骨骼肌内外周氧扩散梯度及线粒体容量是人体在完成局部肌肉活动或单侧肢体运动时起主要限制作用。而线粒体容量和氧运输能力在解释不同动物物种间的最大摄氧量差异时是很重要的。     

优秀散打运动员上下肢有氧、无氧能力的特征及训练

对优秀散打运动员上下肢有氧、无氧能力的特征进行了研究。结果表明：优秀散打运动员无氧和有氧代谢能力都有较高的要求，提示构建优秀散打运动员专项体能训练量化的指标体系以及训练工作应注意相关指标的应用。通过对优秀散打运动员与其它运动项目运动员有氧、无氧代谢能力和PWC170值的比较分析，为散打运动员向相似的对抗类项目如跆拳道、拳击、柔道、摔跤转型以及科学选材提供理论依据。     

Maximal oxygen uptake versus maximal power output in children

Maximal oxygen uptake VO(2max)) is considered the optimal method to assess aerobic fitness. The measurement of VO(2max), however, requires special equipment and training. Maximal exercise testing with determination of maximal power output offers a more simple approach. This study explores the relationship between [Vdot]O(2max) and maximal power output in 247 children (139 boys and 108 girls) aged 7.9-11.1 years. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured by indirect calorimetry during a maximal ergometer exercise test with an initial workload of 30 W and 15 W x min(-1) increments. Maximal power output was also measured. A sample (n = 124) was used to calculate reference equations, which were then validated using another sample (n = 123). The linear reference equation for both sexes combined was: VO(2max) (ml x min(-1)) = 96 + 10.6 x maximal power + 3.5 . body mass. Using this reference equation, estimated VO(2max) per unit of body mass (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) calculated from maximal power correlated closely with the direct measurement of VO(2max) (r = 0.91, P <0.001). Bland-Altman analysis gave a mean limits of agreement of 0.2+/-2.9 (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) (1 s). Our results suggest that maximal power output serves as a good surrogate measurement for VO(2max) in population studies of children aged 8-11 years.     

Moderate-domain pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and endurance running performance

Abstract

The aims of this study were to determine if the primary time constant (τ) for oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂) at the onset of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise is related to endurance running performance, and to establish if τ could be considered a determinant of endurance running performance. Thirty-six endurance trained male runners performed a series of laboratory tests, on separate days, to determine maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O_2max), the ventilatory threshold (V_T) and running economy. In addition, runners completed six transitions from walking (4 km · h^?1) to moderate-intensity running (80% V_T) for the determination of the [Vdot]O₂ primary time constant and mean response time. During all tests, pulmonary gas-exchange was measured breath-by-breath. Endurance running performance was determined using a treadmill 5-km time-trial, after which runners were considered as combined performers (n=36) and, using a ranking system, high performers (n=10) and low performers (n=10). Relationships between τ and endurance running performance were quantified using correlation coefficients (r). Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the primary predictor variables of endurance running performance in combined performers. Moderate correlations were observed between τ, mean response time and endurance running performance, but only for the combined performers (r=?0.55, P=0.001 and r=?0.50, P=0.002, respectively). The regression model for predicting 5-km performance did not include τ or mean response time. The velocity at [Vdot]O_2max was strongly correlated to endurance running performance in all groups (r=0.72 – 0.84, P < 0.01) and contributed substantially to the prediction of performance. In conclusion, the results suggest that despite their role in determining the oxygen deficit and having a moderate relationship with endurance running performance, neither τ nor mean response time is a primary determinant of endurance running performance.     

Skate blade hollow and oxygen consumption during forward skating

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of skate blade hollow on oxygen consumption during forward skating on a treadmill. Varsity level female hockey players (n = 10, age = 21.7 years) performed skating tests at three blade hollows [0.25 in (6.35 mm), 0.50 in (12.7 mm), and 0.75 in (19.05 mm)]. The subjects skated for four minutes at three submaximal velocities (12, 14 and 16 km h⁻¹), separated by five minutes of passive recovery. In addition, a VO₂max test was performed on the day that the subjects skated at the 0.50 in hollow. The VO₂max test commenced at 14 km h⁻¹ and increased by 1 km h⁻¹ each minute until volitional exhaustion was achieved. Four variables were measured for each skating bout, volume of gas expired (V _E), volume of oxygen consumed (VO ₂), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in any of the four test variables (V _E, VO₂, HR, RPE) across the three skate hollows. These results show that when skating on a treadmill at submaximal velocities, skate blade hollow has no significant effect onV _E, VO₂, HR or RPE.     

Maximal oxygen uptake versus maximal power output in children

Abstract

Maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O_2max) is considered the optimal method to assess aerobic fitness. The measurement of [Vdot]O_2max, however, requires special equipment and training. Maximal exercise testing with determination of maximal power output offers a more simple approach. This study explores the relationship between [Vdot]O_2max and maximal power output in 247 children (139 boys and 108 girls) aged 7.9–11.1 years. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured by indirect calorimetry during a maximal ergometer exercise test with an initial workload of 30 W and 15 W · min^?1 increments. Maximal power output was also measured. A sample (n = 124) was used to calculate reference equations, which were then validated using another sample (n = 123). The linear reference equation for both sexes combined was: [Vdot]O_2max (ml · min^?1) = 96 + 10.6 · maximal power + 3.5 · body mass. Using this reference equation, estimated [Vdot]O_2max per unit of body mass (ml · min^?1 · kg^?1) calculated from maximal power correlated closely with the direct measurement of [Vdot]O_2max (r = 0.91, P <0.001). Bland-Altman analysis gave a mean limits of agreement of 0.2±2.9 (ml · min^?1 · kg^?1) (1 s). Our results suggest that maximal power output serves as a good surrogate measurement for [Vdot]O_2max in population studies of children aged 8–11 years.