喀什噶尔局咸丰当五十样钱的赏析与思考

"新疆红钱"作为中国钱币的一个特殊品种,其本身就是中国政府在新疆行使主权的一个象征。"新疆红钱"从铸造到发行都是在清政府的有效管理之下进行的,清政府颁发的部颁样钱就是清政府对新疆红钱进行管控的最有效例证。在乾嘉道三朝,南疆各局利     

试论新疆红钱收藏及研究对象的定位

《收藏》2006年第3期刊载了李克勤的《新疆有的红铜钱不是新疆红钱》一文，对笔者《古钱奇葩——新疆红钱》（《收藏》2005年第2期）进行了重新解读和分析。李克勤先生文中认为“新疆红钱仅限于南疆八城通用”，而北疆的红铜钱（包括黄铜、铁质）等，“则属制钱范畴”。这种说法虽有一定道理，但不利于全面了解和认识新疆统一后的货币全貌。     

清代新疆红钱铸局浅说

清代铸币大致分为两大类，一类是由京局造币厂铸造，即宝泉、宝源两局，另一类是由各省地方钱局铸造。当时在我国边远的新疆少数民族地区设立的钱局计有叶尔羌、阿克苏、乌什、库车、喀什噶尔、宝迪、宝伊等。前5局属南疆，均铸红钱，后2局属北疆，所铸归于制钱体系。宝伊局铸钱背文只有满文，币材为铜七铅三，铜色呈淡红，但仍不失红钱风韵。光绪十二年（1886年）重新成立的迪化宝新局，始改铸红钱。由于这些钱局用地产红铜铸造钱币，     

唐代大历、建中钱探微

新疆因其独特的地理和历史原因,在中国古代货币史上留下了许多鲜为人知的奇钱珍品,唐大历、建中年间（766年～783年）,在安西（今新疆库车）地区所铸造的“大历元宝”和“建中通宝”两种钱币,便是典型的一例。     

“右明”——燕国货币铸造的管理机构

春秋战国时期,随着社会经济的发展,原始货币逐步演进为铸币,即早期钱币。诸侯列国先后铸造钱币,各自为政,并不统一。列国钱币的形态、制式、名称、重量等等,各有特点,十分复杂,除了铸青铜钱币外,个别地区还使用贵金属称量货币,有些地区仍继续沿用原始货币,但主要流通货币是铜铸币。春秋战国青铜铸造的钱币大体上可以归结为：布币、刀币、圜钱、贝形钱四大类型。各大类型有多种多样的品种组成。战国中晚期（约公元前4～3世纪）,     

独特的“新疆红钱”

神秘的西域有着一段神秘的历史,有许多奇特的风土人情,也有着许多奇特的古泉,其中"新疆红钱"便是西域极具特色的钱币。"新疆红钱"是一个统称,始于乾隆皇帝统一新疆,设立了政府管理机构以及铸钱局,而铸钱的原料则使用了西域特产的红铜,因此叫做"新疆红钱"。乾隆后历代王朝都在西域铸造过红钱,所以"新疆红钱"大家族的成员非常多。它们铸     

新疆有的红铜钱不是新疆红钱

《收藏》2005年2期发表了张建中先生的《古钱奇葩——新疆红钱》一文，文章说：“新疆红钱的由来……凡乾隆二十四年（1759年）统一新疆以后所铸钱，不分南、北路，不分材质，都属于新疆红钱这一范畴。”对此看法笔者不敢苟同，现谈点自己的意见。     

新疆红钱真伪识别举例

新疆红钱自乾隆二十五年（1760年）始铸,至宣统年间（1909～1911年）止,前后历时150年,期间虽铸造局众多,然铸额却稀少。新疆红钱以其鲜明的地方特色形成了独立体系,具有浓郁的民族风格,其外形粗犷质朴;可谓泉苑中的一朵奇葩。     

民国前期新疆纸币

民国建立后，新疆所发行的纸币分前后两个时期。前期（1912～1938年）在货币制度上继续沿用清代银两、红钱平行本位制，大数用银，小数用钱，敝发行的纸币面额多以红钱为单位。红钱400文为一贯，合湘平银一两。后期（1939～1949年）改革币制，废两改元，统一了全省币制。这一时期纸币，《收藏》已分别在总第154期、     

晓清时期的新疆红钱

光绪十年（1884年），新疆正式建省，为恢复和发展新疆的货币制度与货币流通奠定了坚实的基础。这时，以前实行的南疆使用红钱与北疆使用制钱的“双轨制”，已经不能适应形势发展的需要，广大民众迫切要求打破南北疆的界限，在全疆实行统一的“钱法”。     

对我国高等院校体育俱乐部的研究

越来越多的高校以体育俱乐部的形式进行了教学改革,但目前对高校体育俱乐部的研究存在着概念模糊、分类不准确、定性不明确等问题,结合理论与实践对以上问题进行了分析,并提出了自己的见解。     

Changes in repeated-sprint performance in relation to change in locomotor profile in highly-trained young soccer players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of changes in maximal aerobic (MAS) and sprinting (MSS) speeds and the anaerobic reserve (ASR) on repeated-sprint performance. Two hundred and seventy highly-trained soccer players (14.5 ± 1.6 year) completed three times per season (over 5 years) a maximal incremental running test to approach MAS, a 40-m sprint with 10-m splits to assess MSS and a repeated-sprint test (10 × 30-m sprints), where best (RSb) and mean (RSm) sprint times, and percentage of speed decrement (%Dec) were calculated. ASR was calculated as MSS-MAS. While ?RSb were related to ?MSS and ?body mass (r² = 0.42, 90%CL[0.34;0.49] for the overall multiple regression, n = 334), ?RSm was also correlated with ?MAS and ?sum of 7 skinfolds (r² = 0.43 [0.35;0.50], n = 334). There was a small and positive association between ?%Dec and ?MAS (r² = 0.02 [?0.07;0.11], n = 334). Substantial ?MSS and ?MAS had a predictive value of 70 and 55% for ?RSm, respectively. Finally, ?ASR per se was not predictive of ?RSm (Cohen’s = +0.8 to ?0.3 with increased ASR), but the greater magnitude of ?RSm improvement was observed when MSS, MAS and ASR increased together (0.8 vs. +0.4 with ASR increased vs. not, additionally to MSS and MAS). Low-cost field tests aimed at assessing maximal sprinting and aerobic speeds can be used to monitor ?RS performance.     

武汉市城镇居民体育消费现状的调查与分析

运用问卷调查和文献资料等方法,对武汉市居民体育消费水平、体育消费结构、体育消费影响因素、体育消费发展趋势等进行了分析研究。结果表明:居民对体育的功能和作用有深刻认识,但由于经济因素和传统习惯等影响,保守性消费观念仍占主导地位;体育消费的绝对水平较10年前大幅增长,但相对水平涨幅不大。     

2004年上海市竞技体育后备人才运动成绩比较分析

运用文献资料、专家访谈和数理统计研究方法,对上海市二、三线运动员2004年参加全国比赛前三名的成绩进行分析,并与部分省市二、三线运动员成绩比较。结果表明:上海市竞技体育后备人才部分项目在全国保持一定优势,但后备人才严重匮乏;未来几年比赛夺金人员缺乏;部分项目与其它省市有较大的差距;其它省市对上海优势项目构成较大威胁。     

Physiotherapy in Critical Care in Australia

A physiotherapist is part of the multidisciplinary team in most intensive care units in Australia. Physiotherapists are primary contact practitioners and use a comprehensive multisystem assessment that includes the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems to formulate individualized treatment plans. The traditional focus of treatment has been the respiratory management of both intubated and spontaneously breathing patients. However, the emerging evidence of the longstanding physical impairment suffered by survivors of intensive care has resulted in physiotherapists re-evaluating treatment priorities to include exercise rehabilitation as a part of standard clinical practice. The goals of respiratory physiotherapy management are to promote secretion clearance, maintain or recruit lung volume, optimize oxygenation, and prevent respiratory complications in both the intubated and spontaneously breathing patient. In the intubated patient, physiotherapists commonly employ manual and ventilator hyperinflation and positioning as treatment techniques whilst in the spontaneously breathing patients there is an emphasis on mobilization. Physiotherapists predominantly use functional activities for the rehabilitation of the critically ill patient in intensive care. While variability exists between states and centers, Australian physiotherapists actively treat critically ill patients targeting interventions based upon research evidence and individualized assessment. A trend toward more emphasis on exercise rehabilitation over respiratory management is evident.Key Words: physiotherapy, intensive care     

论新生活运动正当娱乐中的体育

新生活运动历时15年,涉及到了国民生活的方方面面。娱乐作为生活的重要组成部分,也受到新生活运动的影响。为了纠正社会上根深蒂固的“烟”、“赌”和“娼”等不良风气,新生活运动组织十分重视对正当娱乐的提倡,对体育尤为重视。蒋介石本人在新生活运动周年纪念大会上专门提到过体育问题。体育活动曾被作为新生活运动的年度中心工作或者工作要点来开展。虽然最后对体育的提倡没有达到十分理想的效果,但确实引导了国民的健康观念。新生活运动组织还培养了数量不多的体育人员,为近代体育的发展注入了动力。     

Changes in leg kinematics in response to unpredictability in lateral jump execution

Abstract

Lateral movements like cutting are essential in many team sport disciplines. The aim of the present study was to analyse adaptations in motor control in response to task unpredictability during lateral movement execution. Twelve subjects performed lateral jumps with different landing modalities (stable, sliding or counteracting) that were either known (predictable setting) or unknown (unpredictable setting) prior to movement execution. Results revealed that regardless of the landing modality, hip joint abduction was significantly greater in the unpredictable compared to predictable setting. Furthermore, during the sliding landing modality, hip flexion decreased from 211 ± 7° to 207 ± 7° and knee flexion decreased from 26 ± 4° to 24 ± 4° at the instant of ground contact in the unpredictable compared to predictable condition. During the stable landing modality, the knee joint abduction increased from ?0.3 ± 6° to ?3 ± 6° after initial ground contact in the unpredictable compared to predictable setting. The present results support our hypothesis that pre-programmed motor activity depends on the predictability of the landing modality during lateral movements. According to its adaptation in the frontal plane and in some extent in the sagittal plane, the hip joint seems to play the major role in the modulation of the pre-programmed activity for successful lateral jump execution in an unpredictable setting. However, these kinematic adaptations are concerning since these changes were associated with higher knee abduction during the stable landing modality and therefore with possible higher risk of injury.     

论面向21世纪高等医学院校的体育改革

面对21世纪,高等医学院校体育教育改革应给学生全方位的体育教育,尤其要结合医学专业特点,提高选择和制定运动处方及指导监督他人体育健身康复的能力。     

“体育强市”视域下上海市公共体育服务研究

公共体育服务是上海“体育强市”建设的基础支撑.“十一五”时期,上海市公共体育服务制度化建设逐渐加强,便民化设施不断增多,系列化活动初具规模,但仍面临着“制度设计”执行不力、“多元主体”供给失衡、“以需定供”尚未畅通等困境.在建设“体育强市”的过程中,应夯实公共体育服务基础,丰富公共体育服务内涵,培育公共体育服务多元主体,构建公共体育服务评价机制.