演讲的语言艺术

演讲是大多数人应具备的基本能力。成功的演讲包括一个引人入胜的开场白。论证严密的展开部分和一个具有号召性、鼓舞性的结尾。随着社会的发展，良好的人际关系对企业或组织的发展起着越来越重要的作用，而演讲是形成一个融洽的合作关系的必备条件。     

如何快速提高学生的“即兴演讲”水平

既能写，又能说，这是现代复合型人才所应该具备的语文素养。我几年来一直担任普通中专演讲课的教学工作。在教学中发现，对于多数同学来说，命题演讲难度不大，即兴演讲困难则很多。即兴演讲具有限时性和现场性，要求参与者必须具有极高的即兴发挥的能力。针对这种情况，在教学实践中，我总结了三点体会。 一、储备 “凡事预则立”。对于即兴演讲这一点显得尤为重要。即兴演讲重在“即兴”二字，但是能否现场发挥，功夫还在现场之外。写作能力和命题演讲能力，丰富的知识和对社会生活的深入思考认识，以及在大庭广众之下讲话的勇气和方法等…     

演讲者必备的心理素质

演讲是指演讲者在特定的时间和空间环境中，以有声语言为主要手段向公众就某一问题或事件发表自己的观点。演讲在实质上是一种宣传活动，其最终目的是说服、教育、感召和激励广大听众，演讲的过程就是演讲者“自身的“演”和“讲”使听众产生与自己的期望相一致的态度转变的过程。无疑，演讲者的素质是演讲成功的决定因素：演讲者的思想品德、文化涵养等对演讲的效果有着莫大的影响。     

试谈普通话演讲课教学

讲好普通话和提高口头表达能力是师范院校师生的一项重要任务。故此，近几年来，一些院校都先后开设了普通话演讲课。笔者想就如何上好这门课谈谈自己的看法。一、上好普通话演讲课的重要性语言是人类社会最主要的交际工具，是人们相互理解的纽带。师范院校学生未来的职业是教师，不仅要求具备一定的专业知识，还必须具备较好的口头表达能力。普通话演讲课有两个显著特点，一个是通过演讲提高口头表达能力，广个是说好普通话。要做到这两点，并非容易。如有位学生学习成绩名列全系第一，且多次被评为三好学生，但是到了毕业实习的i才候，却…     

论命题理论在演讲中的运用

逻辑学是一门古老又富有生命力的科学，逻辑科学的现代化是逻辑学史上的一个新纪元。但纯粹的理论无法结出累累硕果，本文旨在将逻辑理论中有关命题理论的运用与演讲这一文化交流的重要方式相结合，分析命题理论在演讲中的重要性，说明命题的适当性对演讲效果产生的重要影响，同时以格赖斯的合作原则为依据，解答如何在演讲中使人们的思想交流得以顺利进行。     

演讲开场的言语艺术

演讲者在演讲过程中，应注意研究演讲开场的语言艺术，掌握言语技巧，使演讲获得成功。     

英语演讲中的理性诉诸

演讲大体上可分为告知性演讲、劝说性演讲和纪念性演讲。演讲离不开修辞。在亚里士多德提出的演讲修辞三诉诸理论中,理性诉诸旨在运用论据及其逻辑推理过程来证明论点,说服听众。本文以经典的英语演讲词为例,具体阐述理性诉诸过程中的手段和要素。     

浅析校园演讲中的拟稿

演讲是高校开展素质教育，强化表达能力，锻炼心理素质，使青年学生学会自我展示的一项重要的校园化活动。目前高校校园里的演讲活动，整体上出现缺乏深度、广度，缺乏风格、技巧等的模式化倾向，这就必须从拟稿、语言、表达、技巧等方面下功夫。本着重从演讲拟稿过程中主题的把握、切入，材料的收集、提炼，字语言的形象性和亲和力三方面进行了分析。     

演讲语言的得体美

演讲是一门语言的艺术，演讲语言运用的过程是一种美的创造过程。成功的演讲语言必备的一个条件便是得体。只有适度地表达情感，恰当地运用修辞。通过和谐的语音表达出来的语言，才是美的语言，听众在接受演讲内容的过程中，经历了美，感受了美。这种美，我们便可以称之为得体美。下面，笔者试从语音、修辞和情感的把握三方面来谈谈演讲语言的得体美。     

让排比奏响演讲的最强音

排比是最具有语言表现力的修辞方式之一，指的是用一连串内容相关结构类似的句子成分或句子来表示强调和一层层的深入。在演讲中巧用排比，可以增强语言的节奏感和旋律美；能够加强语势，激扬情感，产生强烈的鼓动性和感染力。如果把演讲比作一条河流，排比就是推波助澜的劲风；如果把演讲比作一首乐曲，排比就是荡气回肠的强音；如果把演讲比作一幅图画，排比就是赏心悦目的亮色。用排比叙述事情，可以使事情的过程更加集中，更加完整，从而获得言简意赅的表达效果。例如，李兆军的演讲《快乐朋友》，这样叙述自己与好友之间的交往情况：可…     

“语文能力”新解及对语文课程建构的启示

语文能力是由一般能力和语文活动所需的特殊能力——言语经验格有机融合而成的一种综合能力;语文活动过程就是以一般能力为依托的言语经验格的运作过程。言语经验格包含着言语知识和言语技能两种要素。在掌握言语知识和言语技能的基础上,对所获言语经验进行整合类化形成言语经验格,并以一般能力为依托,形成语文能力。从语文能力的实质、结构与形成机制看,语文课程应向学生提供如下内容:显性语文知识;言语活动的范例、言语作品和语文实践活动;语文技能训练;表达和整合言语经验的机会。     

打油诗在导游词创作中的研究与应用

导游词是导游员引导人们观景赏美的重要路径。导游员在创作导游词时适当应用打油诗,会令其导游词锦上添花。运用文献收集法、案例研究法阐述了导游词及导游词创作的四个基本原则,论述打油诗在导游词创作中的广泛应用,希望能够为众多的导游员在编创导游词过程中起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

言语听辨中的词汇提取及其对听力理解的启示

言语听辨是心理语言学有关言语理解研究中的一个重要内容,它重点探索的是言语听辨的过程,也就是对言语声音刺激信号的确认和加工到最终理解言语内容和言语意义的过程。文章分析了影响言语听辨的两个主要因素——言语因素和非言语因素,再以言语听辨的理论模型和词汇提取的相关理论为框架,特别对Marslen—Wilson提出的交股模型进行了详细分析。而交股模型理论反映了言语自左而右的特性,这点正好与听力取词的顺序一致,从中得出了5点有效地提高听力理解效率的启示。     

How does reading performance modulate the impact of orthographic knowledge on speech processing? A comparison of normal readers and dyslexic adults

Studies on proficient readers showed that speech processing is affected by knowledge of the orthographic code. Yet, the automaticity of the orthographic influence depends on task demand. Here, we addressed this automaticity issue in normal and dyslexic adult readers by comparing the orthographic effects obtained in two speech processing tasks that are or not sensitive to strategies developed by participants. Our finding showed that while participants’ performance in a metaphonological task, which is known to be strategy prone, was affected by their orthographic knowledge regardless of the childhood diagnosis of dyslexia or of their actual reading-related skills, this latter factor significantly modulated the orthographic influence found in a more natural speech recognition task. The finding supports the claim that while any individuals who know a reading code are able to resort to their orthographic knowledge when they process speech, a more profound modification of the speech processing system by the orthographic code takes place only in readers who have reached a certain level of reading expertise.     

英语即兴演讲比赛培训：问题与对策——以CCTV杯英语演讲比赛广西区复赛为例

即兴演讲是演讲比赛中的一个富于挑战性的环节。本文针对CCTV杯英语演讲比赛广西区复赛,总结了我校在培训过程中出现的常见问题及其采取的培训对策,包括思维训练、心理素质训练、表述训练和知识训练。     

The overall knowledge of genetics in Serbian speech and language pathologists

ABSTRACT

An increase in the number of children with speech–language pathology also having a genetic disorder imposes the need for speech and language pathologists (SLPs) to have sufficient knowledge about genetic basis of speech–language disorders. Research aim was to estimate in Serbian SLPs different aspects of theoretical and practical knowledge about intercorrelation of genetics and speech and language pathology and to compare obtained results with the results of SLPs in the United States. The questionnaire from Tramontana’s study was used in our study. Comparison of the results that obtained in our study with those in Tramontana’s study has shown that our study respondents have higher General Knowledge Index (78.6%: 66.2%), higher mean confidence summary score (22.2: 16.7) and higher mean score of ‘overall’ attitudes about genetics and its relation with communication disorders (20.8: 13.6). Differences which emerge from educational programmes, educational levels and practical experience in the observed groups are indicated as possible causes of differences in the obtained results. On the basis of the obtained results, it may be concluded that it is necessary to elevate SLPs’ level of general knowledge about genetics and to acquire their knowledge through clinical practice.     

教育中的权力—知识分析——深度访谈的中国经验

言文分离是中国人日常生活中一个极为普遍的现象,但少有社会学研究方法或是教育社会学角度就这一现象的深度思考。本文从言文分离现象出发,分析质性研究方法中的深度访谈,进而对教育中的权力一知识问题展开讨论。笔者指出,深度访谈只是为了深入了解言文一致的世界——西方世界而开发出来的一种调查工具。本为一种地方世界的治学态度或调查技术成为带有世界普遍意义的追求真理的代名词,对这一涉及权力一知识的问题应该有更深刻的知识社会学反思。深度访谈来自音声中心的西方世界,试图在言文分离而且表意优先的汉语世界里扎根,这一扎根现象本身为反思"文化霸权"、"音声帝国主义"等问题提供了可能。     

论语文课程的“经验”本性

从语文课程的本质属性来看,语文课程不应该归属于纯粹的学科课程,它应以经验课程为主要表现形态。从经验课程的基本思想来看,语文课程就是学生在教师的指导下,通过言语经验（动词）学习言语经验（名词）的过程。从＂经验＂而不是从＂知识＂的角度理解语文课程,意味着：学生成为语文课程的主体;语文课程内容的实质是经验;语文课程是一个动态生成的过程。     

新闻语言客观性问题的言语行为分析

任何一个言语行为都是一个用符号表达说话者的知识,并让听话者接受的过程.言语行为要实现自己的意图都要遵循一定的规则,这些规则有构成性的也有策略性的,"内容客观"是新闻言语行为最重要的构成性规则.而新闻言语行为的客观性并不仅仅是不编造假新闻的问题,其中包括知识传达、符号可能、接受心理三方面,"知识传达"意味着是否"说的是客观的,不说不客观的,客观的重要事实就一定要说";"符号可能"意味着世界的动态性、无限性、完整性与语言相对的静态性、有限性、抽象性的矛盾;"接受心理"意味着在听话者的认知心理中存在着权威即客观、亲近印客观、常规即客观、重复印客观、一致即客观、细节即客观、数据即客观、画面即客观、说法既客观、直引即客观、干脆即客观、及时即客观的问题.     

Basic research in speech and lateralization of language: Some implications for reading disability

Basic research in speech and the lateralization of language is shown to illuminate the problems of reading and some of its disabilities. First, it is pointed out how speech, or language for the ear, differs markedly from reading, or language for the eye. Though the sounds of speech are a very complex code and the optical shapes of written language are a simple cipher or alphabet on the phonemes, we all perceive speech easily but read only with difficulty. Perceiving speech is easy because, as members of the human race, we all have access to a special physiological apparatus that decodes the complex speech signal and recovers the segmentation of the linguistic message. Reading is hard because the phonemic segmentation, which is automatic and intuitive in the case of speech, must be made fully conscious and explicit. The syllabic method supplemented by phonics (used with certain reservations) is suggested for remediation of segmentation problems. Second, it is posited that since the sounds of speech are processed differently from non-speech sounds, the two should not be diagnosed and remediated interchangeably. Third, it is shown that the relationships among cerebral lateralization for language, handedness and poor reading can now be studied more meaningfully because of the recent development of new techniques. A truism often heard in the opening lecture of graduate classes in education is that we have few answers to the problems that beset us, only questions. In the field of reading, the difficulty may be owing at least in part to our impatient attempts to find immediate solutions for the teacher and the student in the classroom, and our consequent neglect of basic research. I should like to suggest today how knowledge of basic research in related disciplines may lead to clues for improving beginning reading instruction and the lot of the disabled reader—if only by affording us a deeper understanding of the reading process. Paper based on a talk given at the Twenty-first Annual Conference of The Orton Society, Washington, D.C., November 14, 1970.