A cross-level moderating effect of team trust on the relationship between transformational leadership and cohesion

ABSTRACT

We draw on the concept of the shared mental model to explain the cross-level direct and moderating effects of team trust on the relationship between coach transformational leadership and cohesion. Using hierarchical linear modelling, we analysed 597 national level high school and university volleyball players to test our research model. Our results revealed that, (a) at the individual level, coach transformational leadership has a positive effect on athletes’ perceptions on cohesion and (b) team trust, a group-level construct, is positively related to social cohesion and moderates the coach transformational leadership-cohesion relationship. The moderating effect demonstrates that the positive effect of coach transformational leadership on cohesion could be enhanced when high levels of team trust are shared within the group. Implications for coach education and sport psychology in terms of theory and research are discussed.     

“体教结合,省队校办”建设南工大江苏垒球队实践

＂体教结合＂培养高水平运动员已得到全社会广泛关注,高校作为人才培养基地,理应承担起高水平运动员文化教育重任,以满足他们未来可持续发展要求。高水平运动队进入高校,同时给高校注入了体育文化活力,有利于高校协调发展。本文结合以省队校办模式,建设南工大江苏垒球队实践,认为充分体现了体教结合优势,解决了运动员读训矛盾,促进了运动员全面发展;高校通过承办赛事,扩大了对外交流,提升了学校美誉度;有力地推动了校园文化活动。     

The experiences of sexual harassment in sport and education among European female sports science students

The study investigates whether sport is an especially risky environment for sexual harassment to occur. It explores female students’ experiences of sexual harassment in organized sport and compares them with their experiences in formal education, by addressing the following research questions: (1) Are there any differences in female sport students’ experiences of sexual harassment in sport and education? (2) Are there any differences in female sport students’ experiences of sexual harassment from coaches and teachers? (3) Are there any differences in female sport students’ experiences from peer students and peer athletes? A total of 616 female students from three different European countries, Czech Republic, Greece and Norway, answered a questionnaire. The results revealed that the students had experienced more sexual harassment in an educational setting than in a sport setting. Further analysis showed that this was primarily due to sexual harassment from peers in school. In Greece and Norway, there was no difference between occurrences from teachers and coaches, yet in Czech Republic coaches appear to harass more than teachers. The difference between sexual harassment occurring from peers in sport and in education is discussed in relation to whether the sense of belonging/camaraderie that a sport club member may experience might function as a barrier for sexual harassment to occur—because it embarrasses or hurts a teammate. In addition, sport clubs and teams are governed by their respective sport rules and possibly by additional club/team rules, which may also establish extra inside-club/team boundaries for acceptable and nonacceptable/harassing behaviors. This article concludes that greater emphasis ought to be placed on education; not only toward shaping safer teacher/coach behaviors, but also toward the student/athlete behaviors.     

我国女足后备人才培养路径

在分析我国体育系统和教育系统女足后备人才培养体系现状的基础上,构建我国女足后备人才培养体教结合模式框架。提出:应坚持并创新社会主义市场经济条件下的竞技体育举国体制;建立并完善两种人才培养的理论框架;完善体教结合的法规、政策等,把握体教结合进程。     

自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员出台技术、下肢力量与落地稳定性关系研究

以国家自由式滑雪空中技巧男、女运动员为研究对象,以运动生物力学的研究手段为依托,以运动员最佳技术状态参加第21届冬奥会为最终研究目标,从运动员技术分析评价、运动员下肢环节肌力特点分析、冲击力实验推测3周台冲力范围等方面进行研究,推测出3周台冲击力分布范围,为女子运动员冲击3周台动作的安全性提供了科学依据;揭示了运动员的出台技术、落地稳定性的关系,为运动员高质量地完成空中动作,同时获得稳定的、安全的落地提供了依据,为运动员冲击难度动作时能安全高质量地完成提供科技保障,为运动员在第21届冬奥会中取得优异成绩提供了科技支撑。     

校、队联办远程教育促进运动员文化学习的探索与实践——以国家帆船帆板队远程教育为例

运动员的文化教育是中国乃至世界范围内竞技体育发展的一个薄弱环节,如何提高运动员的文化素质是长期困扰体育界的棘手问题。帆船帆板是所有竞技体育项目中对运动员文化素质要求最高的项目之一,开发国家帆船帆板队远程教育资源,通过远程教育有助于提高运动员的综合素质和参赛能力。备战伦敦奥运会的同时,可以发挥国家队的示范和辐射作用,带动在役运动员通过利用远程教育资源自主学习,养成终身学习〉-7惯。     

Experiencing Nationalism in International Sport: The Shanghai Liangjiang Women’s Basketball Tour of Japan,Korea, and Southeast Asia, 1931–1935

Abstract

International sport provides an environment where individuals experience their nations in various ways that could shape their identities, knowledges, and behaviours; however, this has been long neglected in the studies of the history of Chinese women’s sports. Remarkably successful in competitions in Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia, the Shanghai Liangjiang Women’s Basketball Team is an ideal case that could answer the following question: how did international sport shape Chinese sportswomen’s sense of nationalism in the early 1930s? Through examining team members’ self-identification, gendered choices in international games, constructions of the Japanese, Koreans, and Southeast Asians, this article explores the complicated relationship between national identity building, women’s daily experiences and international sport. It argues Chinese women’s participation in international sports in the early 1930s reinforced their national identifications and nationalistic sentiments. Female players’ shared national pride and humiliation overshadowed their entire foreign experiences.     

Differences in self-regulatory skills among talented athletes: The significance of competitive level and type of sport

Abstract

Research has shown that talented athletes outscore their mainstream peers on the basis of self-regulation. Although valuable, this does not tell us more about the distinction between good athletes and the best, which is a prerequisite in talent development. Therefore, we examined the self-regulatory skills of 222 male and female talented athletes aged 12–16 years as a function of competitive sport level (junior international or junior national athletes) and type of sport (individual or team sports). Multivariate analyses of covariance in combination with a discriminant function analysis revealed that “reflection” distinguishes between athletes at the highest levels of excellence. Furthermore, athletes playing individual sports had higher scores on “planning” and “effort” than team sport athletes, highlighting the importance of differences between types of sport. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of reflection as a self-regulatory skill. Reflection facilitates the development of sport-specific characteristics, which may vary by type of sport. This means that an advanced sense of reflection may help talented athletes to acquire desirable characteristics during their “talent” years to ultimately reach adult elite levels of competition.     

Talent development of high performance coaches in team sports in Ireland

Background: Coaches are central to the development of the expert performer and similarly to continued lifelong participation in sport. Coaches are uniquely positioned to deliver specific technical and tactical instruction and mentoring programmes that support the psychological and social development of athletes in a challenging, goal-oriented and motivational environment. The current study aimed to qualitatively investigate current coach learning sources and coaches’ educational backgrounds in team sports in Ireland. Methods: Coaches from five team sports in Ireland were asked to complete an online questionnaire. Subsequently male coaches (n?=?19) from five team sports who completed the questionnaire and met the inclusion criteria were invited to attend a follow-up semi-structured interview. Inclusion criteria for coaches were that they possess at least 10 years’ experience coaching their sport and were coaching more than 4 hours per week. Results/Discussion: Formal coach education does not meet the needs of high performance coaches who rely more on self-directed learning and coaching experience as their main sources of CPD. Although prior playing experience at a high level is both valuable and desirable, there are concerns about fast-tracking of ex-players into high performance coaching roles. Conclusions: Preferred sources of education and the best learning environment for coaches of team sports in Ireland are more informal than formal. Further research is needed to examine how this learning is applied in a practical manner by examining coaching behaviours and the impact it has on the athlete development process.     

我国优秀运动队九年义务教育现状及对策研究

采用问卷调查、专家访谈、数理统计等方法,对我国优秀运动队九年义务教育的现状、存在的问题及改进措施进行探讨。研究表明:九年义务教育阶段各优秀运动队办学体制不同,缺乏严格的监督机制,使运动员基础文化知识参差不齐,但运动员对学习的渴望在增加;学习内容为全国统编教材或自编教材,采用集中、分散的教学形式,40.70%的运动员不适应教材的内容,31.93%的运动员不能完成大纲的要求;运动员学习与训练的矛盾日益增加;影响运动员学习的主要因素是运动员的主观认识及体育界大环境的影响等。     

我国学校竞技体育发展面临的机遇与挑战

从指导思想、举国体制、政策导向、学校竞技体育自身积累的经验等方面,阐述我国学校竞技体育发展面临的机遇。指出学校竞技体育发展在竞技体育资源利用、后备人才培养、教练员及运动员队伍建设、教育与体育系统的协调等方面面临的挑战。提出:学校竞技体育发展应以高校为龙头,建立学校竞技体育服务平台;大力构建中小学竞技体育后备人才培养体系等对策。     

The Composition and Geography of Bulgarian Olympic Medals, 1952–2016

Abstract

Bulgaria was one of the leading sport nations of the second half of the twentieth century; however, the Bulgarian national anthem has not been played at Olympic Games since 2008. In the current article, historical records on planning are compared to the results of athletes to determine the factors behind the remarkable rise and decline of Bulgarian sport during the last six decades. Historical geographical information systems (GISs) are used to analyze the spatial distribution of Olympic medals in each of the successfully developed sports. The data reveal that often the central Bulgarian planners failed to achieve the goals set in the ambitious programme of the totalitarian communist state. In spite of the efforts for diversification, Bulgaria’s success came from only seven sports mainly: less than any other of the leading sport nations during the 1970s and the 1980s. At the same time, the victories of Bulgarian athletes had little impact on the sport activity of the common Bulgarian.     

Predicting elite Scottish athletes’ attitudes towards doping: examining the contribution of achievement goals and motivational climate

Understanding athletes’ attitudes to doping continues to be of interest for its potential to contribute to an international anti-doping system. However, little is known about the relationship between elite athletes’ attitudes to drug use and potential explanatory factors, including achievement goals and the motivational climate. In addition, despite specific World Anti-Doping Agency Code relating to team sport athletes, little is known about whether sport type (team or individual) is a risk or protective factor in relation to doping. Elite athletes from Scotland (N = 177) completed a survey examining attitudes to performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate. Athletes were generally against doping for performance enhancement. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that task and ego goals and mastery motivational climate were predictors of attitudes to PED use (F (4, 171) = 15.81, P < .01). Compared with individual athletes, team athletes were significantly lower in attitude to PED use and ego orientation scores and significantly higher in perceptions of a mastery motivational climate (Wilks’ lambda = .76, F = 10.89 (5, 170), P < .01). The study provides insight into how individual and situational factors may act as protective and risk factors in doping in sport.     

A comparison of well-peer mentored and non-peer mentored athletes’ perceptions of satisfaction

The purpose of the present study was to compare well-peer mentored and non-peer mentored athletes’ perceptions of satisfaction. A total of 444 intercollegiate athletes (272 well-peer mentored and 172 non-peer mentored) from a variety of sport teams participated in the study. Athletes from both well-peer mentored and non-peer mentored groups reported their satisfaction levels using the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. The results of a MANOVA and follow-up post hoc ANOVAs showed that well-peer mentored athletes were significantly more satisfied than their non-peer mentored counterparts in terms of individual performance, personal dedication, team task contribution, team social contribution, team integration, ethics, ability utilisation and training and instruction. Overall, the findings suggest that athletes who are well-peer mentored by a teammate perceive higher satisfaction levels with various aspects of their athletic experience than athletes who are not peer mentored by a teammate. Given these positive findings, practitioners (i.e., coaches, sport psychology consultants) should inform athletes on the benefits of peer-to-peer mentoring. The practical implications of the results and strategies to promote peer athlete mentoring relationships in sport are highlighted.     

8周复合式训练对中国冰壶国家队运动员扫冰能力的影响

目的:将复合式训练应用于中国冰壶国家队运动员的非冰期与冰期衔接阶段中,探讨其优化精英冰壶运动员扫冰能力的效果。方法:采用常规力量训练与复合式训练分别对备战北京冬奥会的冰壶国家队全体20名运动员实施8周线性周期力量训练,测试训练前、后运动员的力量素质、扫冰推拉压力、扫冰频率以及扫冰绩效值,采用协方差分析测试数据,计算训练效果的组间效应量(d)。结果:相对于常规力量训练,复合式训练更能提高国家队冰壶运动员的扫冰推出压力峰值、拉回压力均值/峰值、扫冰频率、扫冰绩效值(d=0.9~2.8),但改善扫冰推出压力均值的效果较小(d<0.2)。结论:复合式训练比常规力量训练更有利于提高我国精英冰壶运动员的最大扫冰推出压力、扫冰拉回压力以及扫冰频率,从而优化扫冰绩效值。     

建立学习型教练员团队的理论分析

我国已形成一个以学历教育为基础，以教练员岗位培训为重点，包括各种高级研讨班和培训班等多种形式的国家队教练员发展体系。国家队教练员的素质能力也得到了相应的提高。但从学习和培训的要素来看仍存在5种学习智障：个体化学习、共性化学习、适应性学习、单程化学习和制度化学习。在国家队建立学习型教练员团队有助于解决这些智障，其内容更具时代特征，更接近我国竞技体育教练员发展的需要；更多考虑运动训练工作绩效的提高；形式更加多样化；符合我国“奥运争光计划”的精神；在情感和文化传统上更易被国家队教练员接受。我国国家队建立学习型教练员团队是有价值且可行的。     

国家女子乒乓球后备力量培养的文化教育实验研究

运动员文化教育是体育事业可持续发展的一个极其重要的环节。2006年12月至2007年2月，国家女子乒乓球青年集训队在湖北黄石进行了为期50天的冬训，在集训过程中对参加集训的71名运动员进行了包括《乒乓球基本理论知识》、《体育与健康》、《竞技能力》三个课题的文化教育，并进行了文化考试和问卷调查。实践证明，通过文化教育可以有效提高运动员的综合素质，有助于教练员的科学训练和运动员竞技能力的提高，为中国女子乒乓球后备力量的快速成长提供科技支持，为今后优秀运动队进行文化教育提供理论和实践依据。     

优秀运动队管理若干问题的探讨

一支优秀的运动队是由管理人员（领队、教练员）、运动员、辅助人员等组成的,本文运用系统论、控制论、管理学、心理学、教育学、马克思主义哲学等理论与观点,对优秀运动队管理的指导思想、管理人员的管理、运动员的管理及辅助人员的管理进行了研究。认为,优秀运动队管理应该坚持全面的指导思想、从实际出发的指导思想和以人为本的指导思想。另外还认为,对任何成员的管理都要坚持外部管理与成员自律相结合。