学校改进中的学生赋权——基于仪式典礼策划的个案分析

学校文化变革是学校改进的一个重要方面。作为学校文化的元素之一,仪式典礼不仅能够传承学校文化,还能教育学校成员。但是在实际教育情境中,学校尚没有真正把学生的角色提高到学校组织成员的位置上来,在仪式典礼的策划过程中学生缺位。无论从学校改进的视角来看还是从仪式互动的视角来看,学校应该重视学生的声音,给学生赋权;应根据学校改进的不同时期和内容需求,让学生以不同的水平层次和形式参与学校改进。     

教学改进:艾尔默对学校改进理论的深化

学校改进是指把精力集中于教学变革和它所需的支持条件上以提高学生成绩的努力,这是变革期间为提高教育质量而改进学校能力的战略手段.美国学者艾尔默教授的学校改进思想直指教学改进,明确了学校改进的终极目的--学生学习的进步、成就和发展,而不是其他.艾尔默这一思想越过了一些学校改进模糊不清的观点和种种外部因素及对学校组织文化的泛泛而论,直接指向学校发展的根本--学生的成长.艾尔默的学校改进思想值得我们思考,对我国当前的学校改革也具有一定的启示意义.     

西方学校改进运动对中国基础教育的启示

提高教育质量是我国基础教育目前最重要的使命,也是国家中长期教育规划所要实现的主要目标.针对我国薄弱学校改进的现状和即将开始的中西部薄弱校改进工程,西方国家学校改进运动采取的措施,如集权式放权、薄弱学生成为聚焦点、建立多元参与和合作,成立改进共同体,可以为中国基础教育提供有益借鉴.     

美国K-12学校氛围改进:重点、标准及实施策略

为促进学生的学业与情感发展,长期以来美国政府十分重视K-12学校的氛围改进,重点强调在学校氛围塑造中教师、学生和家庭的参与,学生生理和情感安全的保障以及学校及周边环境的建设等几个方面.美国政府设定共享愿景和积极计划,制定系统、个性化和可测量的学生发展促进策略,识别、优先支持相关实践,创造欢迎、支持和安全的环境,形成富有意义和吸引力的实践、活动、规范等学校氛围改进标准.此外,政府加强对学校氛围改进的拨款,将学校氛围纳入学校质量标准,制定专门的学校氛围标准,加强学校氛围评估及对学校氛围改进予以资源与技术支持.     

美国“更为有效学校”模式实践与启示

“更为有效学校模式”是美国20世纪80年代兴起的高中综合改革模式的一种,致力于帮助所有的学生实现教育目标.它强调学校要有清晰明确的目标,关注课堂教学以及校长的教学领导能力,要求教师对学生成绩寄有高期望,经常对学生进行系统化的评价,强调建立积极进取的和谐校园文化,呼吁家长、社区共同参与学校改进.借鉴“更为有效学校模式”的这些成功办学经验,我国中小学教育改革需要走整体变革的道路,建立学校改进共同体,构建校本课程体系.     

学校改进视角的考察与思考

学校改进是近年来发展较快、成果颇丰的一个研究与实践领域。着眼于我国基础教育学校改进的现实需要,对学校改进的概念、历程、视角等进行考察与分析是非常必要的,同时,关注学生的声音,从学生的视角展开研究应该成为学校改进视角的新尝试。     

美国学校改进历史演进及启示

美国学校改进运动经历了七十年代之前的学校改进、十九世纪七十年代和十九世纪八十年代的学校改进、有效学校研究时期的学校改进、学校重构时期的学校改进、综合学校改进这五个阶段.不同时期的学校改进运动内容侧重点不同.本文对美国的学校改进运动历史进行了分析和回顾,力图为我国的学校改革提供一些有益的启示.     

学校内部治理中的学生参与:缘由阐释、困境分析与对策探赜

学生参与学校内部治理有助于学校真正践行"以生为本"的理念、打造和谐文明校园、促进学生全面成长成才、增强决策的科学性、提升学校治理体系和治理能力现代化.当前,学生参与学校治理存在学生、学校和国家社会层面的困境.保证学生参与学校治理的有序和高效开展,可采取以下措施:学生要增强参与意识、提升参与能力;学校要转变观念、规范制度、完善机制;全社会要支持并营造鼓励学生参与学校治理的氛围.     

学校持续改进的过程:模型与特征

学校改进是一种“系统而持续的努力,目的是在一所或多所学校里改变学习条件及其他相关的内部条件,从而更有效地实现教育目标”.持续性是学校改进的重要特征.美国的研究表明,许多学校持续改进的过程模型都遵循“计划—执行—检查—处理”的休哈特循环并具有一些共同的特征.这些过程模型引导了学校科学、理性的持续改进.介绍和分析美国教育学会的“卓越学校的关键——持续的学校改进”模型和全美学校评价学会(NCA)的“学校进步的突破点”模型,对我国的学校改进研究将有所启示.     

学校改进的路径分析:学校领导的视角

学校改进已经成为我国新时期教育改革发展的一个重要主题.学校改进关注点也从资源投入、课程设计等方面逐渐转向学校领导的过程.尽管已经有研究成果表明学校领导在改进学校以及促进学生学业成绩提高方面具有显著作用,但如何改进以及怎样做的研究还不充分.本文从学校领导视角,通过分析已有的有效学校以及成功领导模型的研究成果,归纳出四个学校领导改进的路径,期冀对我国学校改进的研究与实践有所助益.     

From hearing voices to engaging in dialogue: problematising student participation in school improvement

This article explores the value of student voice to school improvement, suggesting that it is often assumed to be a good thing. The article describes six trends that have contributed to this unexamined assumption. It is suggested that two dimensions of any claim that student voice can contribute to school improvement need to be analysed: the degree to which students are regarded as being active in participation in school life, and the purposed for which their voice is being used. A distinction is drawn between those that are for community purposes, such as the improvement of learning, and institutional purposes such as improvement in the appearance of the school. The various ways in which student voice can be used to coerce teachers of students into compliance are identified. An analytic matrix is presented. A dialogic model is proposed as the form of participation that will contribute most towards improvement. The article concludes with accounts of three projects in which student participation has been encouraged through dialogue about learning.     

学校对中小学生校园伤害的责任探析

中小学和学生的关系是一种由教育法规定的教育管理关系 ,学校对学生的教育管理责任是学校对校园发生的学生人身伤害案件承担法律责任的法律依据。学校不是也不能成为学生的监护人 ,对学生没有监护责任。学校在履行教育管理职责中的过失使在校学生遭到人身伤害 ,学校应当承担责任。反之 ,在学生及其监护人有过错的情况下 ,应当减轻或免除学校的责任     

Radical student participation: lessons from an urban government primary school in Tigray,Ethiopia

Recent policies in Ethiopia put students at the heart of school improvement through structures for peer leadership and school-level consultation, evaluation and decision-making. This article draws on an ethnographic study of a government school in Tigray, Ethiopia, to explore how the participation and influence of students is achieved and mediated by structures and processes in school. Three key contexts of student participation are explored: positions of peer leadership (monitor, ‘one-to-five’ network leader); public evaluation sessions (gim gima); and the Parent Student Teacher Association (PSTA). Recommendations are made for sharing and strengthening democratic practices and for future research.     

Education for democratic citizenship in Malawian secondary schools: balancing student voice and adult privilege

In countries that embraced democracy after the fall of communism, education became a particular focus for policy change, particularly within their citizenship programmes. Schools that had been used to inculcate obedience to and unfailing support for authoritarian regimes were now being required to adopt citizenship programmes incorporating democratic values. This paper reports a study in Malawi that explored the school as a location where democratic citizenship is practiced. Using a multiple case study approach in three different kinds of secondary schools to explore students’ participation in school affairs, the study found that different forms of participation were being encouraged, with each school apparently socialising students to distinctive kinds of citizenship roles. The paper highlights a conflict between democratic values and traditional roles of schools leading to new and hybrid school cultures. Providing scope for student voice to be heard can lead to tensions and paradoxical practices.     

教师参与专业发展活动对学生学业成绩影响的实证研究——基于北京市高中学生的分析

教师专业发展是提高学校教育质量和学生学业成就的关键因素。关于教师专业发展的实证研究主要关注的是专业发展活动对教师本身的影响,较少有研究关注专业发展活动对学生带来的影响。本研究基于2016~2019年北京市高中阶段4万多名学生的标准化考试成绩和近2000名教师的问卷调查数据,采用增值模型分析教师对学生学业成绩的增值影响,并进一步聚焦教师参与区级和校本教研活动对学生学业成绩的影响。分析结果显示,教师参与区级教研活动的程度对学生成绩有显著的正向影响,其中聚焦于学科课程内容的教研活动对学生成绩的增值作用尤其显著。此外,教师参与校本教研活动的程度对学生成绩有显著的正向影响,其中教师之间的非正式交流的积极作用不容忽视。     

Navigating the ambiguous policy landscape of student participation

ABSTRACT

Student participation at school is receiving heightened attention through international evidence connecting it to a range of benefits including student learning, engagement, citizenship and wellbeing, as well as to overall school improvement. Yet the notion of student participation remains an ambiguous concept, and one that challenges many deeply entrenched norms of traditional schooling.

Informed by understandings of ‘participation’ linked to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, this article takes the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) as a case study to explore how student participation is currently articulated in educational policy. It reports the findings of an analysis of 142 state and federal government policy-related documents, along with qualitative interview data from nine policy personnel. The findings suggest that students are conceptualised within these policies in contradictory ways, interpretations of participation are diverse yet frequently instrumentalist, and there is little conceptual coherence across the educational policy landscape in NSW in relation to ‘student participation’. The findings are discussed in light of international interest around student participation. The analytical framework used in this analysis is proposed as a possible tool for critically examining the place and purpose of student participation at school, regardless of jurisdiction.

Abbrevations: NSW = the Australian state of New South Wales; UNCRC = United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child; SRC = Student Representative Council     

Social-Economic Factors,Student Factors,Student Academic Goals and Performance of Students in Institutions of Higher Learning in Uganda

This article evaluates the relationship between social-economic factors, students’ factors, student academic goals and performance of students. The study adopts a cross-sectional survey, with largely quantitative approaches. A sample of 950 students was randomly and proportionately drawn from undergraduates in four institutions of higher learning. A response rate of 61% was recorded. We observed significant positive relationships between student factors (except competence in quantitative subjects and grades earned in high school) and student performance, as well as student learning goals and student academic performance. We did not observe a significant relationship between socio-economic factors and student performance at higher institutions. The model was significant, and explained 47% of the variation in student performance. The study recommends that higher institutions should place considerable emphasis on inculcating a reading/preparation culture among students, enforce attendance at lectures and encourage students to set learning goals, if they are to improve the performance of their students.     

Accounting for the effects of increased high school graduation expectations on pupil performance and resource allocation: results from New York State

Increases in high school graduation requirements are prompting interest in the consequences for students, taxpayers, and educators. This study examines the experiences of New York State school districts that increased student participation between 1992 and 1996 in a statewide testing program that historically has been designed for college-bound students. The study includes statistical comparisons based on the universe of school districts in the State as well as the results of an intensive set of selective case studies. The results show that many different types of districts moved to increase participation levels during the study period and that increases in participation levels were associated with (a) modest declines in the percentage of students passing the exams; (b) unchanged drop-out rates; (c) increases in spending that were similar in magnitude to increases found in districts with little or no increase in participation; and (d) increases in professional staffing levels in core instructional areas. Implications for policy are explored.     

学生自主学习能力培养中师生自主性的再认识

自主学习能力的提高已成为绝大多数学生的迫切需要,这个过程需要教师的积极参与。学生自主在很大程度上取决于教师自主,自主学习能力的培养首先要关注教师的自主性,具体体现在观念和实践两个层面。学习建构的主体在于学习者自身,所以自主学习能力的培养也要关注学生自身的自主性。而要真正提高学生的自主学习能力,从师生自主性的任一方面来施...     

Singapore’s School Excellence Model and student learning: evidence from PISA 2012 and TALIS 2013

This study examines the relationship between key elements of the School Excellence Model (SEM) and student achievement in reading, mathematics and science as measured by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 and the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2013, using a sample of 166 schools in Singapore. Strategies, quality and resources are identified as school-level dimensions commonly involved in the SEM to select variables in PISA 2012 and TALIS 2013. A multilevel data analysis was conducted using hierarchical linear modelling. The results indicate that a triangulated school strategy focused on strengthening teacher participation, principal commitment and school responsibility has significant relationships with student performance. In particular, teachers’ instructional improvement contributed to student achievement, while teacher ratio to support teaching staff accounts for the largest variance in student achievement. Finally, school extra-curricular activities promote well-rounded student development that enhances learning achievement. Findings highlight the importance of school-based accountability that empowers teachers, in building school capacity for student achievement.