锻炼与针刺组合对退行性膝关节炎微循环血流灌注量的影响

目的：锻炼与针刺组合对退行性膝关节炎微循环血流灌注量的影响。方法：研究对象40例随机分为2组，分别是针刺组（单纯针刺）和锻炼组（站桩与针刺组合），对其实验前后疼痛程度（VAS）、微循环血流灌注量（MBPU）及皮肤温度的变化进行检测分析。结果：两组实验后，VAS评分明显降低（P<0.01），锻炼组优于针刺组（P<0.05）；MBPU降低（P<0.01），锻炼组优于针刺组（P<0.05）；局部温度明显提高（P<0.05）。结论：锻炼与针刺组合可以明显缓解退行性膝关节炎的疼痛症状，降低局部微循环血流灌注量，提高皮肤温度；优于单纯针刺疗法。     

跑台运动对小鼠骨性关节炎的影响机制

研究运动对软骨细胞基质降解酶MMP13、Adamts4、Adamts5及软骨标记蛋白 Col2、Col10、Runx2、Sox9的影响,为骨性关节炎运动医学角度提供科学依据。方法：对36只8周雄性小鼠,随机分成不手术对照组（C）,手术自由活动组（F）和手术跑台组, 手术为DMM关节炎手术,对照组不手术自由喂养,手术自由组进行DMM手术后自由喂养,手术跑台组进行DMM手术后5天后进行跑台,每天进行20m跑台训练,6周后处死取样。对3组小鼠膝关节进行石蜡包埋切片,通过fast green-Safranin O染色对关节炎进行评级,然后在通过Q-PCR和Western Blotting 检测相关基因mRNA和蛋白水平的表达。结果：1）与C组比较,F组和R组关节均有不同级别损伤,而R关节受损程度更加严重。2）与C组和F组相比,R组MMP13mRNA表达均有非常显著性升高（P<0.01）,F组与C组无显著性差异;与C组和F组相比,R组Adamts4 mRNA表达有均有非常显著性升高（P<0.01）,与C组相比,F 组Adamts4 mRNA也有显著性升高（P<0.05）;与C组和F组相比,R组Adamts5 mRNA表达均有非常显著性升高（P<0.01）,F组与C组相比也有非常显著性升高（P<0.01）;与C组和F组相比,R组Col2 mRNA表达有均有非常显著性降低（P<0.01）,F组与C组相比有非常显著性降低（P<0.01）。3）与C组和F组相比,R组col2蛋白表达量均有非常显著性下降（P<0.01）,F组比C组的Col2蛋白表达量也有非常显著性下降（P<0.01）;与C组和F组相比,R组Sox9蛋白表达均有非常显著性下降（P<0.01）,F组比C组Sox9蛋白表达量也有非常显著性下降（P<0.01）;与C组和F组相比,R组Col10蛋白表达都有非常显著性增加（P<0.01）, F组比C组Col10蛋白表达量也有非常显著性增加（P<0.01）;与C组和F组相比,R组Runx2蛋白表达都有非常显著性增加（P<0.01）, F组比C组Runx2蛋白表达量也有非常显著性增加（P<0.01）。结论：跑台运动加快骨性关节炎小鼠关节软骨的降解和钙化,加重了关节软骨损伤。     

非特异性腰痛患者腰骶结构特征及其影响因素

研究非特异性腰痛（non-specific low back pain,NLBP）患者的腰骶结构特征及其影响因素。方法：招募筛选NLBP患者71例（NLBP组）及29例无腰痛的健康人群（Con组）。填写问卷评估疼痛程度和腰功能障碍,并分别拍摄矢状面及额状面的X光片,测定腰椎前凸程度和骨盆侧倾程度的相关指标。研究发现：①NLBP组腰椎前凸程度与Con组相比无显著性差异（P>0.05）;②NLBP组与Con组相比骨盆发生明显侧倾（P<0.05）;③性别对NLBP患者腰骶结构没有影响;④不同年龄的NLBP患者腰椎结构有发生不同的改变,青年患者与中老年患者相比,腰骶出现了显著的腰曲变直（P<0.05）及骨盆侧倾（P<0.01）;⑤症状也会影响NLBP患者的腰椎前凸程度（P<0.05）。研究结论：①骨盆侧倾是NLBP患者的共性,可将该指标用于临床诊断和疗效评估;②不同年龄、性别和症状的NLBP患者进行康复时应有针对性。     

不同训练模式下羽毛球运动员心率和血乳酸的变化

通过不同羽毛球训练模式和模拟实战时运动员血乳酸和心率分布,了解不同训练模式时的供能特点。方法：测定12名高水平羽毛球运动员在5种不同训练模式下和实战比赛中血乳酸浓度和心率,以了解不同训练模式时的供能特点,为训练实践提供参考依据。结果：（1）5种训练模式运动后即刻和运动后5分钟运动员血乳酸均显著高于模拟比赛后（P<0.05）,运动员运动后10分钟血乳酸浓度在训练模式1、模式2和模式5中均显著高于模拟比赛（P<0.05）,5种不同模式中模式5在运动后即刻、运动后5分钟和运动后10分钟血乳酸最高（p<0.05）;（2）心率分布中,训练模式1和训练模式2下90% HRmax以上分布显著高于（P<0.05）模拟比赛;80-90% HRmax分布训练模式1、训练模式3和训练模式5显著高于模拟比赛（P<0.05）。结论：5种训练模式在发展ATP-CP和糖酵解系统供能能力各有侧重,模拟比赛的强度接近比赛要求。     

技术教学中有效发展体能的策略

<正>一、内容选择有依据1.依据教材特点:体育教学内容有跑、跳、投、体操、球类等等。不同性质的教学内容,运动负荷大小不一。有的内容在学习的过程中本身运动负荷就比较大,如跑、跳等内容,学生在练习完后需要恢复的过程,那么一般就不需要再设计体能练习。有的内容运动负荷则较低,如小学体操类的教学内容,不管是单个动作还是组合动作,运动负荷都相对较低,可以安排一些体能练习。比如,每次前滚翻动作结束后,用单脚跳、双脚跳、弓箭步、爬行等方式返回。在     

激活后增强效应的间歇时间对下蹲跳高度影响的Meta分析

目的：探究激活后增强效应（PAP）间歇时间对下蹲跳高度影响。方法：检索PubMed等数据库,查找相关随机对照试验,检索时间从建库至2017年11月30日。按纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取数据和评价纳入文献研究方法质量后,采用Review Manager 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入15篇文献286名受试者。Meta分析结果显示：间歇时间为0~3 min[MD=-1.46,95% CI（-2.15,-0.78）,P<0.000 1],实验组优于对照组;间歇时间为4~7 min[MD=1.90,95% CI（0.81,2.99）,P=0.000 6]和8~12 min[MD=1.46,95% CI（0.78,2.15）,P<0.000 1],对照组优于实验组;间歇时间为13 min以上[MD=-0.45,95% CI（-2.26,1.36）,P=0.62],对照组与实验组间的差异无统计学意义。敏感性分析提示：改变研究质量差异、纳入标准、统计模型以及效应量的选择等,发现合并结果改变不明显,且受异质性影响的可能较小。结论：诱导方式为杠铃深蹲,诱导强度在85%~93% 1RM之间,重复次数为5~10次,可诱导产生PAP。间歇时间为0~3 min,可以明显提高受试者下蹲跳高度,间歇时间为4~7 min和8~12 min时下蹲跳高度未能显著增加,间歇时间为13min以上时,仍需更多高质量随机对照试验进一步研究证实。在制定诱导PAP方案时,还需考虑诱导对象的年龄与性别、训练经历和力量水平对PAP的影响。     

第28届亚洲男子篮球锦标赛中国队与对手攻防能力的密切值分析

采用文献资料法、数理统计法、密切值综合评价方法等,对第28届亚洲男子篮球锦标赛中国队与对手攻防能力进行分析。在进攻能力方面,中国男篮场均得分、2分球命中次数、2分球命中率、助攻有非常显著性优势（P<0.01）,罚球命中次数和罚球次数有显著性优势（P<0.05）;在防守方面,中国男篮后场篮板球和盖帽有非常显著性优势（P<0.01）。密切值分析得出中国男篮的进攻能力（c进攻=0.025 9）、防守能力（c防守=0.067 4）和攻防整体能力（c攻防=0.000 0）都是本届亚锦赛最好的。与第27届男篮亚锦赛相比,中国男篮在三分球、前后场篮板球、助攻、抢断和盖帽方面都有长足进步,其中防守表现极为出色,是中国男篮赢得本届亚锦赛的最重要因素之一。     

基于人机工效学的健身动感单车鞍座高度设计研究

选取武汉体育学院普通男大学生11名,采用Vicon三维动作捕捉系统并结合表面肌电测试对受试者在不同的鞍座高度下骑行的运动学和肌肉力学指标进行同步采集,使用配对样本T检验分析比较不同高度骑行差异。结果：（1）膝关节活动范围在不同座高下呈显著变化,踝关节出现一定程度的变化,但个体差异较大。（2）鞍座高度增加,髋关节相对力矩下降,且90%座高与95%和100%座高相比存在显著性的差异（P<0.05）;膝关节相对力矩呈现出类似的变化且不同座高下存在显著差异（P<0.05）。（3）不同座高下,肌肉的放电量出现变化,但均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。其中股二头肌和胫前肌则是在95%座高时放电量达到最低。（4）随着鞍座高度的增加,髋关节和膝关节在90%、95%、100%大转子高的座高下相互之间均存在显著性的差异（P<0.05）,踝关节的角速度在90%与100%座高相比和95%与100%座高相比时差异明显（P<0.05）。结论：95%大转子高时,股二头肌和胫前肌的放电量最小,股直肌、股外侧肌和腓肠肌的放电量处于中间值,膝关节力矩和活动范围也处于中间值。选取95%大转子高的鞍座高度更利于骑行者的骑行。     

热量限制结合导引运动对中心性肥胖的临床效果

目的：辟谷是包含热量限制、导引运动等元素的中国传统养生方法,本研究借鉴辟谷将热量限制与导引运动结合应用于中心性肥胖患者,以观察其临床疗效并探讨其可行性和安全性。方法：招募23名中心性肥胖受试者进行为期7天的综合干预,观测受试者干预前后体重、腰围、体重指数（BMI）、身体成分及生理生化指标的变化。结果：综合干预后受试者的体重、BMI、腰围、体脂量均非常显著性降低（P<0.01）,但是骨骼肌、无脂体重显著减少（P<0.05）。血糖显著降低（P<0.01）,心率、血压、甘油三酯、总胆固醇未显示统计学差异。肝、肾功能指标无明显异常,主观反馈无明显不良反应。结论：热量限制结合导引运动有效帮助中心性肥胖患者缓解肥胖、控制体重,但同时存在无脂体重流失的风险。这为进一步完善干预方案和深入机理研究提供了理论参考与实践基础。     

耐力训练时脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶与工作肌糖代谢和线粒体密度——基于ATGL基因敲除小鼠的研究

目的：（1）观察ATGL基因敲除小鼠耐力训练时胰岛素抵抗、工作肌糖转运蛋白及线粒体密度的变化;（2）测定Akt、PKC、PPAR-α蛋白激活及含量,探究其与胰岛素抵抗、工作肌糖转运蛋白及线粒体密度的变化之间的关系。方法：ATGL^-/-、ATGL^+/-和C57BL/6J小鼠跑台耐力训练训练7天,测定小鼠体重、肌糖原、血糖、血胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗,蛋白印记法测定腓肠肌和比目鱼肌GLUT-4（内外膜）、p-Akt、Akt、p-PKC、PKC含量和PPAR-α水平。结果：（1）运动训练后,腓肠肌和比目鱼肌糖原含量、HOMA-IR指数存在基因类型、运动训练的差异（P<0.05）。运动训练引起血糖和血胰岛素在基因类型的差异（P<0.05）。（2）运动训练后,腓肠肌和比目鱼肌Akt、PKC、磷酸化水平、腓肠肌总Akt、PPAR-α蛋白表达存在基因类型、运动训练的差异（P<0.05）。比目鱼肌总Akt表达、腓肠肌和比目鱼肌总PKC、PPAR-α蛋白运动训练的差异不具有显著性意义（P>0.05）。结论：耐力训练时,ATGL通过上调Akt和PKC促进胰岛素敏感性和改善胰岛素抵抗;ATGL上调PPAR-α起到促进线粒体含量。     

6周有氧运动改善不同程度肥胖青少年体质健康的研究

目的:研究有氧运动对不同程度肥胖青少年形态、机能、糖脂代谢及身体素质的影响,探索非医疗运动手段治疗青少年肥胖的可行性方法。方法:招募50名13~19岁肥胖青少年,依据BMI值分别纳入中度或重度肥胖组,每组25人。两组受试者进行6周有氧运动(5days/week,50min/day),在运动前、运动3周和6周后分别测试受试者的身体形态、基础生理机能、糖脂代谢和身体素质等指标,并对以上数据进行统计学分析。结果:3周和6周运动均显著降低两肥胖组的体重、BMI、腰围、臀围、脂肪量、体脂率、血脂、甘油三酷、血清胰岛素水平和胰岛素抵抗指数(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),下调重度肥胖组的低密度脂蛋白水平(P＜ 0.01),提高两组肺活量、肺活量指数和50 m跑、俯卧撑、坐位体前屈成绩(P＜ 0.05);6周运动还能进一步提高两组的1 000 m跑、平衡能力以及重度肥胖组的瘦体重和高密度脂蛋白水平(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),下调两组的基础代谢率(P＜0.05)。结论:3周有氧运动就能有效改善肥胖青少年的体质健康,运动改善体质健康的效应呈时间依赖性增加的模式,并且重度肥胖者相比中度肥胖者对有氧运动更加敏感。     

“多维系统反馈法”对网球专项学生战术创新能力提升的教学实验研究

采用层次分析法、教学实验法研究体育院系网球专项教学中"多维系统反馈法"的应用。发现该方法对网球专项学生战术创新能力提升有实践价值,实验前后学生的创新意识和能力有显著性差异。研究提示网球专项教学中培养学生创造性思维须：调动学生兴趣来提高学生学习的积极性;充分发挥信息反馈在教学过程中的重要作用;重点注意学生间、师生间基于"信息论"的反馈信息的有效处理;传送准确、有效信息,或者在规定信息量的条件下,失真最小。     

Effects of a kindergarten-based,family-involved intervention on motor performance ability in 3- to 6-year-old children: the ToyBox-study

This study targeted to examine the effect of the ToyBox-intervention, a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention, aiming to improve preschooler’s energy-related behaviours (e.g., physical activity) on motor performance ability. Physical activity sessions, classroom activities, environmental changes and tools for parents were the components of the 1-year intervention. The intervention and control were cluster-randomised, and children’s anthropometry and two motor test items (jumping from side to side, JSS and standing long jump, SLJ) were assessed. A total of 1293 (4.6 ± 0.69 years; 52% boys) from 45 kindergartens in Germany were included (intervention, n = 863; control, n = 430). The effect was assessed using generalised estimating equation. The intervention group showed a better improvement in JSS (Estimate 2.19 jumps, P = 0.01) and tended to improve better in SLJ (Estimate 2.73 cm, P = 0.08). The intervention was more effective in boys with respect to SLJ (P of interaction effect = 0.01). Children aged <4.5 years did not show a significant benefit while older children improved (JSS, Estimate 3.38 jumps, P = 0.004; SLJ, Estimate 4.18 cm, P = 0.04). Children with low socio-economic status improved in JSS (Estimate 5.98 jumps, P = 0.0001). The ToyBox-intervention offers an effective strategy to improve specific components of motor performance ability in early childhood. Future programmes should consider additional strategies specifically targeting girls and younger aged children.

Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; SES: socio-economic status; JSS: jumping from side to side; SLJ: standing long jump; SD: standard deviation; GEE: generalised estimating equation     

基于身体形态、体力活动和超声骨指标的超重和肥胖男性骨密度预测模型的构建

目的利用身体形态、体力活动和超声骨指标来预测超重和肥胖者的下肢骨密度、脊柱骨密度和全身骨密度。方法选取超重和肥胖男性受试者138名(年龄50.9±9.6岁;BMI29.1±2.6 kg/m^2),随机测量其身体形态(身高、体重、BMI、胸围和腰围等)、体力活动(握力、纵跳和肺活量等)和超声骨指标(超声声速和传播指数)。骨密度使用双能X线吸收测定法进行测量。使用Stepwise逐步回归法构建下肢骨密度、脊柱骨密度和全身骨密度的预测模型。结果多元线性回归分析显示,所构建的模型都能够有效地预测受试者的骨密度。其中,下肢骨密度预测模型的拟合度最高。Bland-Altman定量测量结果一致性分析表明,下肢骨密度、脊柱骨密度和全身骨密度的实测值与预测值具有显著的相关性(r=0.35,r=0.60,r=0.31;P<0.001)。结论研究所构建的模型可以有效预测不同年龄、肥胖程度和体力活动水平男性的下肢骨密度、脊柱骨密度和全身骨密度,适用于大规模人群的骨质疏松症筛查与早期防治。     

Active relatives and health-related physical fitness in European adolescents: The HELENA Study

Abstract

High physical fitness in childhood and adolescence is positively associated with favourable health-related outcomes. Our aim was to examine the relationship between relatives’ (father, mother, brother, sister, and best friend) physical activity engagement and encouragement on adolescents’ physical fitness. Adolescents were part of the HELENA study, a multi-centre study conducted in 10 cities from nine European countries in 2006–2008. Participants were 3288 adolescents (48% boys, 52% girls) aged 12.5–17.5 years with valid data on at least one of the three fitness variables studied: muscular strength (standing long jump), speed/agility (4×10 m shuttle run), and cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m shuttle run). The adolescents reported their relatives’ physical activity engagement and encouragement. Analysis of covariance showed that relatives’ physical activity engagement (father, mother, brother, and best friend) was positively related to cardiorespiratory fitness (P < 0.05); and mother's and sisters’ physical activity engagement were positively associated with higher muscular strength in adolescents (P < 0.05). Furthermore, father's physical activity encouragement was positively linked to physical fitness (all fitness components) in adolescents (P < 0.05). Interventions aimed at improving physical fitness in young people might be more successful when family members, particularly mothers and fathers, are encouraged to engage in physical activity and support adolescents’ physical activity.     

Effect of the Great Activity Programme on healthy lifestyle behaviours in 7–11 year olds

Abstract

The study investigated the effect of a school-based healthy lifestyles intervention on physical activity and dietary variables. In total 378 children (177 intervention, 201 control; age 9.75 ± 0.82 years (mean ± s)) took part in the 7-month intervention comprising: preparation for and participation in 3 highlight events (a dance festival, a walking event and a running event); an interactive website for pupils, teachers and parents; and vacation activity planners. Primary outcome measures were objectively measured physical activity (pedometers and accelerometers), endurance fitness and dietary variables. Multi-level modelling was employed for data analysis. The increase in physical activity was greater in the intervention group than the control group (steps: 1049 vs 632 daily steps each month; moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) total: 4.6 min · day^?1 · month^?1 vs 1.3 min · day^?1 · month^?1; MVPA bouts: 5.4 min · day^?1 · month^?1 vs 2.6 min · day^?1 · month^?1; all P < 0.05). The increase in multi-stage fitness test distance was greater for intervention participants (46 vs 29 m · month^?1 of intervention, group × month interaction, P < 0.05). There were no differences between groups in dietary variables, body composition, knowledge of healthy lifestyles or psychological variables. Thus an intervention centred around highlight events and including relatively few additional resources can impact positively on the objectively measured physical activity of children.     

Development of 1-mile walk tests to estimate aerobic fitness in children

To examine the reliability and validity of 1-mile walk tests for estimation of aerobic fitness (VO_2max) in 10- to 13-year-old children and to cross-validate previously published equations. Participants (n = 61) walked 1-mile on two different days. Self-reported physical activity, demographic variables, and aerobic fitness were used in multiple regression analyses. Eight models were developed with various combinations of predictors. The recommended model for fitness testing in schools was: VO_2max = 120.702 + (4.114 × Sex [F = 0, M = 1]) – (2.918 × 1-mile Walk Time [min]) – (2.841 × Age), R = .73, standard error of estimate = 6.36 mL·kg^?1·min^?1. Cross-validation of previously published equations demonstrated lower correlations with measured VO_2max than the newly developed walk tests. Evidence of reliability and validity for 1-mile walk tests to estimate VO_2max in young children was provided. The model that included 1-mile walk time, age, and sex may be appropriate for youth fitness testing in physical education, particularly for unmotivated or overweight young children.     

The British Olympic Association's Position Statement on Athlete Confidentiality

Abstract

In this study, we determined the specificity of a low frequency taekwondo training programme on physical fitness levels in adolescent females who receive limited physical education instruction (i.e. 2 days per week). Major components of physical fitness assessed were: skeletal muscle fitness (hand grip strength, bent arm hang, standing long jump, and isokinetic strength), flexibility (sit-and-reach test), speed and agility (10 × 5-m shuttle run), and cardiovascular fitness ([Vdot]O _2max and 20-m shuttle run). Changes in body composition were also assessed (dual X-ray absorptiometry, DXA). Participants were divided into two groups, a taekwondo training group (n = 21), which trained 50 min a day, 2 days per week for 12 weeks, and a control group (n = 10). Taekwondo training improved isokinetic strength, standing long jump, and sit-and-reach performance. Body fat mass and percent body fat were reduced. No changes in grip strength, bent arm hang time, speed and agility, or cardiorespiratory fitness were observed. Results indicate that low frequency taekwondo training in adolescent females produces beneficial changes in skeletal muscle fitness, flexibility, and body composition in a relatively short period of time. Consequently, this specific type of training can be useful to female adolescents in structured school environments where physical education classes are limited and there is little free time for physical activity.     

Physical characteristics that predict involvement with the ball in recreational youth soccer

This study examined the relative contribution of age, stage of puberty, anthropometric characteristics, health-related fitness, soccer-specific tests and match-related technical performance to variance in involvements with the ball during recreational 5-a-side small-sided (32 × 15 m) soccer matches. Using a cross-sectional design, 80 healthy male students (14.6 ± 0.5 years of age; range 13.6–15.4) who played soccer recreationally were randomly divided into 10 teams and played against each other. Measurements included height, body mass, pubertal status, health-related fitness (12-min walk/run test, standing long jump, 15-m sprint and sit-ups in 30 s), soccer-specific tests (kicking for speed, passing for accuracy and agility run with and without a ball), match-related technical performance (kicks, passes and dribbles) and involvements with the ball during matches. Forward multiple regression analysis revealed that cardiorespiratory fitness (12-min walk/run test) accounted for 36% of the variance in involvements with the ball. When agility with the ball (zigzag running) and power (standing long jump) were included among the predictors, the total explained variance increased to 62%. In conclusion, recreational adolescent players, regardless of their soccer-specific skills, may increase participation in soccer matches most through physical activities that promote improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle power and agility.