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<正> 一、国外的经验做法 近年来,美、日、德等国科技发展经费的绝对值逐年增加,科技发展经费占国内生产总值的比重在2%以上,不管是发达的工业化国家或是新兴的工业化国家,政府除了对研究与发展的直接投入外,还通过制定各种税收优惠政策,主要是税收和金融政策,间接地引导企业的科技投入。其基本做法是: 1.形成有效的优惠机制。主要工业国在科技税收优惠政策的实施上表现出政府对企业的尊重,所有科技税 相似文献
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衡量一个国家科技水平,主要指标是看研究与发展经费的科技支出占国民生产总值(GNP)的比重。据有关资料统计,整个70—80年代,世界研究与发展经费的科技支出占GNP比重为1.39%,发达国家平均高达2.28%。从不同国家来看,1986年美、日、德、英、法研究与发展经费的科技支出占GNP的比重在2.38%—2.8%之间,韩国比重为1.8%,新加坡为0.9%,印度为0.9%,均高于我国90年代的平均水平。由此可见,我国的科技投入水平太低,与经济增长水平不相适应。这种情况的形成是由多方面因素造成的。主要表现在以下几个方面: 相似文献
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世界格局变迁和工业革命发展是后发国家实现科技赶超,建成世界科技强国的重要历史机遇。德国因引领第二次工业革命而建成世界科技强国;美国抓住第二次工业革命和两次世界大战机遇,赶超欧洲建成世界科技强国并引领第三次工业革命;日本抓住第二三次工业革命交汇的机遇,成功加入世界科技强国之列。从经济崛起到科技赶超,从技术引进到原始创新,从教育改革到科学发展,从自发创新到体系建设,德美日三国经过赶超,均形成了内生技术能力,持续性建设人才队伍,推动科技创新和制度创新,并注重发挥国立科研机构的引领作用。据此,提出中国科技自立自强、科教融合、科技开放合作和国家战略科技力量体系建设等方面相关建议。 相似文献
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科技资源配置与科技力量组织方式,始终与国家的发展紧密联系在一起,在不同阶段呈现出不同的模式,承担着不同的使命,发挥了不同的作用。文章从“站起来、富起来、强起来”的历史阶段视角,对国家面临的主要挑战、科技任务下达方式、科技力量组织方式、科技成果产出等进行了回顾和分析,试图深入理解国家为什么把国家重点实验室重组作为新时代科技体制深化改革、探索新型举国体制的重要抓手。 相似文献
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国外政府科技计划项目经费预算管理的比较及其启示 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
政府科技计划项目经费预算管理是长期困扰科技管理部门的一个难题,相对而言,美、日、德等发达国家的科技经费管理制度比较健全。我国科技经费的预算管理在预算的编制方法、评估评审、执行跟踪、决算审计,以及信用授权和预算管理的考核与评价等方面均有待改进和完善。 相似文献
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由科技部、财政部共同起草的《关于深化中央财政科技计划(专项、基金等)管理改革的方案》将优化整合中央财政科技计划(专项、基金等)布局,建立科技资源配置的新机制,形成高效运转的治理体系。新的科技计划(专项、基金等)体系,主要包括五个方面,即:国家自然科学基金、国家科技重大专项、国家重点研发计划、技术创新引导专项(基金)和基地与人才专项。 相似文献
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Jerome F 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2004,95(4):627-639
The most remarkable aspect of Einstein's 1946 address at Lincoln University is that it has vanished from Einstein's recorded history. Its disappearance into a historical black hole symbolizes what seems to happen in the creation of a cultural icon. It is but one of many political statements by Einstein to have met such a fate, though his civil rights activism is most glaringly missing. One explanation for this historical amnesia is that those who shape our official memories felt that Einstein's "controversial" friends like Paul Robeson and activities like co-chairing the anti-lynching crusade might tarnish Einstein as an icon. That icon, sanctified by Time magazine when it dubbed Einstein "Person of the Century" at the end of 1999, is a myth, albeit a marvelous one. Yet it is not so much the motive for the omission but the consequence of it that should concern us. Americans and the millions of Einstein fans around the world are left unaware that he was an outspoken, passionate, committed antiracist. 相似文献
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I argue for two theses. First, many arguments against violent gaming rely on what I call the contamination thesis, drawing their conclusions by claiming that violent gaming contaminates real world interactions. I argue that this thesis is empirically and philosophically problematic. Second, I argue that rejecting the contamination thesis does not entail that all video games are morally unobjectionable. The violence within a game can be evaluated in terms of the values the game cultivates, reinforces, denigrates, or disrespects. Games which present violence in ways that disrespect objects of values are more objectionable than violent games that reinforce or cultivate those values. The resulting analysis evaluates games on a case-by-case basis and pays particular attention to the representational context of the violence. 相似文献
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Anderson W 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(2):229-253
In 1929 and 1934-1935, the physical anthropologist Harry L. Shapiro voyaged in the South Seas on the Mahina-l-Te-Pua and the Zaca, measuring mixed-race islanders, including the descendants of the Bounty mutineers on Pitcairn Island. His research in Polynesian hybridity reflects the growing cultural and scientific investment of the United States in the Pacific during this period. Shapiro's oceanic adventures and intimate encounters prompted him to discount typological speculation and emphasize instead the liberal Boasian program in physical anthropology, giving him the confidence to refigure his evaluations of racial difference. The seaborne investigatory enterprise came to influence U.S. racial thought, adding impetus to the condemnation of racism in science. On his return from the South Seas, Shapiro tried to get his fellow physical anthropologists to issue a manifesto opposing the harnessing of their science to racial discrimination and prejudice. 相似文献