中小级别柔道运动员赛前减体重与机能状态的变化

根据运动员的体重,分级别进行比赛是柔道运动的项目特点。一般情况下,柔道运动员赛前都会以减体重的方式争取力量和身体能力上的优势,因此,赛前减体重是柔道运动员不可回避的问题,尤其是中小级别。由此引发的运动员身体机能的变化,对于赛前训练手段、方法及方案的制订都会产生直接影响。本文从中小级别柔道运动员赛前减体重与机能状态变化的角度出发,进行相关测试,探索赛前减体重对柔道运动员机     

摔跤运动员赛前慢速减重结合快速减重训练期间身体机能变化的研究

以参加十运会摔跤预赛的北京市古典式摔跤运动员为研究对象，在采用慢速减重结合快速减重的方式下，对运动员赛前减体重训练期间的身体机能指标进行跟踪监测，探求这种减体重方式下运动员身体机能的变化特点。结果显示：采用慢速减重结合快速减重的方式，可以有效地帮助运动员增加脂肪的消耗，减少去脂体重的丢失；不会明显削弱运动员心血管功能；对运动员磷酸原供能能力无明显影响，但无氧代谢供能能力有一定的下降；对运动员免疫机能无明显不良影响；运动员血清睾酮的下降主要发生在快速减重期；能够有效地降低运动员赛前减体重训练期间蛋白质的消耗；不会对运动员心理产生明显不良影响。     

赛前减体重对运动员运动能力的影响

赛前减体重能够对运动员的运动能力、身体机能和营养健康造成影响。笔者主要综述了国内外对减体重的研究资料,详细的对这一影响进行了概述,并认为在减体重时应用身体成分、蛋白质、无机盐和维生素代谢以及身体免疫能力等数个指标进行科学检测。     

运动员减体重研究现状

本文从运动生理学、运动生物化学的角度对运动员理想体重的确立、减体重的生理生化理论与方法、减体重的适宜幅度及其对运动员生理机能和运动能力的影响,运动员减体重过程中存在的问题、合理减体重的原则及措施等进行综述。1减体重的生理生化理论1.1体重与身体成分从生理学角度看,体重是指身体成分的总重量。人体体重的变化必须以身体成分的概念来表达,才具有客观性和科学性。1.2身体成分与运动能力的关系李云霞等对快速减体重后参加比赛的举重运动员体成分进行调查后发现,同一级别男运动员中,比赛成绩较好者,体脂百分含量较低、去脂体重较…     

赛前不同方式降体重对女子摔跤运动员身体机能的影响

运用文献资料法、访谈法、实验法、数理统计法等,对辽宁省女子摔跤运动员赛前分别采取快速降体重和慢速降体重前后身体机能状态进行监测,分析不同降体重方式下运动员身体机能状态的变化特点,旨在为女子摔跤运动员赛前合理降体重及实时监控运动员的机能状态提供参考.     

重竞技项目运动员赛前减体重期间有氧与无氧能力的研究

文章主要以参加第十一运会比赛的举重、柔道运动员为研究对象,在采用慢速减重的方式下,对运动员赛前减体重训练期间的身体机能指标进行跟踪监测,并探求这种减体重方式下运动员身体机能的变化特点。结果显示:采用慢速减重的方式,可以有效地帮助运动员增加脂肪的消耗,减少去脂体重的丢失;不会明显削弱运动员的有氧与无氧能力。     

青少年举重运动员赛前降体重若干问题的探讨

举重竞赛是按体重的大小来分级别进行比赛,因此降体重是比赛中的关键环节,不合理的降体重会对运动员的身体造成伤害,使运动能力下降,对比赛成绩的发挥有很大的影响,提出合理的赛前快速减体重和比赛期间营养补充的方法,为运动员的成绩能更稳定地发挥,教练员在赛前及时了解、掌握运动员降体重后对体能的影响和比赛期间的营养补充,提出建议与参考。     

女子柔道运动员减体重对身体机能影响及生化指标变化的研究

以女子柔道运动员为研究对象，采用慢速减重与快速减重相结合的方式，对运动员赛前减体重训练期间的身体机能、生化指标进行跟踪监测．探求这种减体重方式下运动员身体机能、生化指标的变化。结果显示：采用慢速减重与快速减重相结合的方式，可以有效地增强脂肪的消耗，而且不会影响运动员的心血管功能：在减重训练期间，运动员体内的蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素A、血清钙、铁等的含量下降．而血清尿素含量和肌酸激酶活性显著上升。     

优秀摔跤运动员赛前减(控)体重个性化研究

运用文献资料法、实验法、问卷调查法和膳食称重法,对优秀古典式摔跤运动员十运会前的体重控制过程进行了个案调查与分析。结果表明:体重的下降主要以减少体脂含量为主,瘦体重变化不明显;血红蛋白等几项生化指标较好地反映出训练负荷的变化和运动员赛前的身体机能状况;慢减体重可能会引起运动员心理状态的波动;赛前的膳食营养不够合理;称重后的体能恢复至关重要。     

健美运动员赛前减体重方法探析

竞技健美比赛是按体重级别参赛的项目,为了取得同一级别上的优势,运动员短期内减体重势必会对身体机能产生一定的影响,如何采取有效、科学的方法在减轻体重的同时,健美运动员的肌肉饱满度和清晰度得到保持,从而取得优异成绩,已经成为健美运动员备战中的一项需要解决的问题。文章旨在对健美运动员赛前减体重的方法进行归纳探析。     

跳高运动员的体成份变化观察

体成份是影响运动能力的重要因素 ,尤其是以克服自身身体重量为特征的运动项目。本文通过对 7名优秀跳高运动员体成份多年的监测 ,对体成份改变与训练、比赛的关系做初步探讨 ,并为医务监督的重要指标提供依据     

Effects of age,maturity and body dimensions on match running performance in highly trained under-15 soccer players

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to compare, in 36 highly trained under-15 soccer players, the respective effects of age, maturity and body dimensions on match running performance. Maximal sprinting (MSS) and aerobic speeds were estimated. Match running performance was analysed with GPS (GPSport, 1 Hz) during 19 international friendly games (n = 115 player-files). Total distance and distance covered >16 km h^–1 (D > 16 km h^?1) were collected. Players advanced in age and/or maturation, or having larger body dimensions presented greater locomotor (Cohen’s d for MSS: 0.5–1.0, likely to almost certain) and match running performances (D > 16 km h^?1: 0.2–0.5, possibly to likely) than their younger, less mature and/or smaller teammates. These age-, maturation- and body size-related differences were of larger magnitude for field test measures versus match running performance. Compared with age and body size (unclear to likely), maturation (likely to almost certainly for all match variables) had the greatest impact on match running performance. The magnitude of the relationships between age, maturation and body dimensions and match running performance were position-dependent. Within a single age-group in the present player sample, maturation had a substantial impact on match running performance, especially in attacking players. Coaches may need to consider players’ maturity status when assessing their on-field playing performance.     

Quantitative assessment of the serve speed in tennis

A method is presented for assessing the serve speeds of tennis players based on their body height. The research involved a sample of top world players (221 males and 215 females) who participated in the Grand Slam tournaments in 2008 and 2012. The method is based on the linear regression analysis of the association between the player’s body height and the serve speed (fastest serve, average first-serve, and second-serve speed). The coefficient of serve speed (CSS) was calculated as the quotient of the measured and the theoretical value of the serve speed on a regression line relative to the player’s body height. The CSS of >1, 1 and <1 indicate above-average, average, and below-average serve speeds, respectively, relative to the top world tennis players with the same body height. The CSS adds a new element to the already existing statistics about a tennis match, and provides additional information about the performance of tennis players. The CSS can be utilised e.g. for setting the target serve speed of a given player to achieve based on his/her body height, choosing the most appropriate match strategy against a particular player, and a long-term monitoring of the effectiveness of training focused on the serve speed.     

Growth in body size affects rotational performance in women's gymnastics

National and state representative female gymnasts (n = 37), aged initially between 10 and 12 years, completed a mixed longitudinal study over 3.3 years, to investigate the effect of body size on gymnastic performance. Subjects were tested at four-monthly intervals on a battery of measures including structural growth, strength and gymnastic performance. The group were divided into 'high growers' and 'low growers' based on height (> 18 cm or < 14 cm/37 months, respectively) and body mass (> 15 kg or < 12 kg/37 months, respectively) for comparative purposes. Development of gymnastic performance was assessed through generic skills (front and back rotations, a twisting jump and a V-sit action) and a vertical jump for maximum height. The results show that the smaller gymnast, with a high strength to mass ratio, has greater potential for performing skills involving whole-body rotations. Larger gymnasts, while able to produce more power and greater angular momentum, could not match the performance of the smaller ones. The magnitude of growth experienced by the gymnast over this period has a varying effect on performance. While some activities were greatly influenced by rapid increases in whole-body moment of inertia (e.g. back rotation), performance on others like the front rotation and vertical jump, appeared partly immune to the physical and mechanical changes associated with growth.     

Match running performance and skill execution improves with age but not the number of disposals in young Australian footballers

This study investigated age-related differences in maturity, physical and functional characteristics and playing performance in youth Australian Football (AF). Young male players (n = 156) were recruited from 12 teams across 6 age groups (U10–U15) of a recreational AF club. All players were tested for body size, maturity and fitness. Player performance was assessed during a match in which disposals (kicks and handballs) and their effectiveness were coded from a video recording and match running performance measured using Global Positioning System. Significant main effects (P < 0.01) for age group were observed for age, years to peak height velocity, body mass, height, 20 m sprint, maximal speed over 20 m, vertical jump, 20 m multistage shuttle run, match distance, high-speed running distance, peak speed, number of effective disposals and percentage of effective disposals. Age-related differences in fitness characteristics (speed, lower body power and endurance) appeared to transfer to match running performance. The frequency in which players disposed of the football did not differ between age groups, however the effectiveness of each disposal (i.e., % effective disposals) improved with age. Match statistics, particularly those that evaluate skill execution outcome (i.e., effectiveness), are useful to assess performance and to track player development over time. Differences between age groups, and probably variability within age groups, are strongly associated with chronological age and maturity.     

太极拳对中老年女性体成分和心血管系统影响的研究

文章探讨长期有规律的太极拳运动对中老年女性体成分和心血管系统机能的影响。对27名参加太极拳运动的50-65岁的中老年女子在练习前、练习6个月后体成分、心血管系统机能的指标进行测试,实验结果表明:长期太极拳运动后,中老年女性的体成分能得到有效改善,表现于体成分指标中体重、身体脂肪含量、体脂百分比、腰臀脂肪比率各项指标均有显著性变化;安静状态下心率、血压呈显著性下降,说明太极拳能够提高中老年女性心血管系统的机能,推迟心脏衰退老化的过程。     

Energy and carbohydrate for training and recovery

Soccer players should achieve an energy intake that provides sufficient carbohydrate to fuel the training and competition programme, supplies all nutrient requirements, and allows manipulation of energy or nutrient balance to achieve changes in lean body mass, body fat or growth. Although the traditional culture of soccer has focused on carbohydrate intake for immediate match preparation, top players should adapt their carbohydrate intake on a daily basis to ensure adequate fuel for training and recovery between matches. For players with a mobile playing style, there is sound evidence that dietary programmes that restore and even super-compensate muscle glycogen levels can enhance activity patterns during matches. This will presumably also benefit intensive training, such as twice daily practices. As well as achieving a total intake of carbohydrate commensurate with fuel needs, the everyday diet should promote strategic intake of carbohydrate and protein before and after key training sessions to optimize the adaptations and enhance recovery. The achievement of the ideal physique for soccer is a long-term goal that should be undertaken over successive years, and particularly during the off-season and pre-season. An increase in lean body mass or a decrease in body fat is the product of a targeted training and eating programme. Consultation with a sports nutrition expert can assist soccer players to manipulate energy and nutrient intake to meet such goals. Players should be warned against the accidental or deliberate mismatch of energy intake and energy expenditure, such that energy availability (intake minus the cost of exercise) falls below 125 kJ (30 kcal) per kilogram of fat-free mass per day. Such low energy availability causes disturbances to hormonal, metabolic, and immune function.     

冰球比赛对运动员血清白细胞介素-2系统的影响

探讨冰球比赛对运动员血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(sIL-2R)的影响。选取2005年亚洲冰球联赛中齐齐哈尔队对日本东京队的一场比赛,从齐齐哈尔冰球队中抽取16名参赛运动员作为受试者,于赛前和赛后24h采静脉血测定血清IL-2、sIL-2R。运动员赛前与赛后的血清IL-2平均值均低于临床正常值范围;血清sIL-2R浓度赛后较赛前略有降低,但无显著性意义。判断运动员运动前后免疫机能是否出现异常变化,应与临床正常值作比较;在强调运动负荷、运动性质等因素对IL-2系统影响的同时,应关注影响IL-2系统中细胞因子相互作用的时间因素。建议在冰球比赛前后对运动员进行必要的免疫监测,以避免免疫机能的持续降低影响运动员身体健康。     

Physiological demands of match-play in elite tennis: A case study

Abstract

The physiological and perceptual demands together with match notation of a four-set tennis match were studied in two elite professional players during the preparation for the 2008 Davis Cup. The design of this case report is unique in that it is the first to describe the demands of prolonged match-play (197 min) over four sets in ecologically valid conditions. The variables measured before and after each set included blood lactate and glucose concentrations, body mass, and perception of effort. Stroke count for each rally and heart rate were recorded during each set while salivary cortisol concentration was determined before and after the match. The rally length decreased as the match progressed. The results showed significant physiological stress, with each player losing greater than 2.5% of body mass (as fluid) and having elevated salivary cortisol concentrations after the match. Heart rate and perception of effort were also increased following each set indicating increasing stress. However, blood lactate decreased following the fourth set while blood glucose was maintained. The results also suggest that elite players may adjust work rates or tactics to cope with the increased perception of effort. This report shows that four sets of tennis are associated with increasing stress and fatigue.     

游泳锻炼10个月后青少年体质的变化

对持续进行10个月游泳锻炼的60名大学一年级女学生锻炼前后身体成分和心肺功能进行测试分析。结果显示,长期游泳锻炼可一定程度降低女大学生体脂百分比,减轻体重,减慢安静心率、呼吸频率,降低血压,提高肺活量。提示游泳锻炼有利于保持大学生体型健美,改善其心血管、呼吸系统功能。