最大摄氧量与安静时肺功能相关性研究——以我校女大学生为例

文章致力于探究非运动员或未经系统训练的人群最大摄氧量与肺功能的关系,了解不同水平受试者的器官功能与素质差异。具体表现为通过招募本校非体育专业身体健康的女大学生20人（20.76岁±1.67岁,161.59厘米±5.2厘米,54.42公斤±4.81公斤）,进行最大摄氧量（直接测定法）、肺功能（肺功能仪测试）测试,应用SPSS22.0软件对受试者最大摄氧量与其他不同指标数据进行Pearson相关分析,进一步以最大摄氧量的正常值为界,通过独立样本t检验比较两个组之间的差异。经研究分析得出：（1）肺活量与最大摄氧量的相对值（r=0.318）和最大摄氧量绝对值（r=0.325）显著正相关（P<0.05）;最大通气量（MVV）与最大摄氧量相对值（0.596）、最大摄氧量绝对值（0.558）和肺活量（r=0.702）显著正相关（P<0.01）。（2）最大摄氧量偏低组和正常组两组之间各个指标都不存在显著性差异（P>0.05）。（3）最大摄氧量偏低组与正常组最大摄氧量相对值（t=-12.12）、最大摄氧量绝对值（t=-9.03）、呼吸商（RQ,t=2.87）显著差异（P<0.01...     

渐进性抗阻力量训练对普通人群力量、最大摄氧量与最大有氧功率的影响

目的:探讨渐进性抗阻力量训练对普通人群力量、最大摄氧量和最大有氧功率的影响.方法:30名普通健康成年男性进行10周的渐进性力量训练,力量训练前后测试实验对象的力量和有氧能力.结果:力量训练后,实验对象的最大蹲起负重(Loadmax)、60%最大蹲起负重下的的蹲跳功率(P 60)、最大摄氧量、相对最大摄氧量以及最大工作功率都有了显著性增长.与训练前相比,在最大摄氧量测试过程中,随着工作功率的提高,通气量呈下降的趋势,摄氧量呈上升的趋势,氧差有增大的趋势.结论:10周的渐进性抗阻力量训练,使实验对象动力性最大力量、动力性爆发力、最大摄氧量、相对最大摄氧量以及最大工作功率都有显著性提高;实验对象有氧能力的提高与肌肉用氧能力改善有关.     

优秀青少年运动员有氧运动能力项群特点

目的：通过分析上海地区不同项群优秀青少年有氧能力,寻找不同项群有氧能力特点。方法：选择上海市2003—2014年一线、二线运动员测试数据库,从中筛选88名16岁以上男性,年龄为（17.5±1.2）岁,103名15岁以上女性,年龄为（16.4±1.1）岁,均为国家二级以上运动员,对其最大摄氧量绝对值和相对值进行统计分析,使用单因素方差分析以及Z分值等方法比较不同性别各项群间有氧运动能力特点。结果：耐力项群最大摄氧量绝对值显著高于隔网对抗（P＜0.05）与格斗对抗（P＜0.01）。男性各项群间最大摄氧量相对值无显著差异;女性耐力项群最大摄氧量相对值显著高于同场对抗（P＜0.01）、隔网对抗（P＜0.01）与格斗对抗（P＜0.01）;女性同场对抗项群最大摄氧量相对值显著高于格斗对抗（P＜0.05）。结论：耐力项群最大摄氧量绝对值高于其他项群;体能主导类项群最大摄氧量相对值高于技能主导类项群;同场对抗项群最大摄氧量绝对值优于相对值,其余项群最大摄氧量相对值和绝对值同步。为科学训练提供有力数据支持,教练员可以结合项群有氧运动能力特点,判断运动员的有氧工作能力水平,从而针对性地制定训练计划,提高整体竞技水平。     

女子公路自行车运动员最大摄氧量与无氧阈的测定及应用

对辽宁省自行车队6名女子公路自行车运动员进行递增负荷测试，得到其最大摄氧量和无氧阈及其对应的心率，结果显示：经过一个训练周期，这6名运动员的最大摄氧量的绝对值有提高但不明显，而相对值均有非常显著的提高；无氧阈绝对值和相对值有显著性升高。表明最大摄氧量的相对值与无氧阈的综合运用在训练中更为有效，运动员的有氧能力得到了提高；该训练周期为有效训练。     

渐进性抗阻力量训练对普通人群力量与最大摄氧量的影响

通过对30名普通健康成年男性进行10周的渐进性力量训练，力量训练前后测试实验对象的力量和有氧能力对比研究。结果表明力量训练后，实验对象的最大蹲起负重（Loadmax）、60％最大蹲起负重下的蹲跳功率（P60）、最大摄氧量、相对最大摄氧量以及最大工作功率都有了显著性增长。与训练前相比，在最大摄氧量测试过程中，随着工作功率的提高，通气量呈下降的趋势，摄氧量呈上升的趋势，氧差有增大的趋势。     

3周1550 m亚高原训练对优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员生理机能和身体成分影响研究

目的:探究3周海拔1550 m亚高原训练对优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员生理机能和身体成分的影响,并且提出针对性的备战训练建议。方法:国家越野滑雪集训队10名优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员[年龄(18.7±1.5)岁,身高(78.5±5.8)cm,体质量(66.6±4.7)kg]在亚高原(海拔1550 m)进行3周训练,并在亚高原训练前后对运动员的生理机能和身体成分进行系列测试。使用重复方差分析对运动员数据进行自身比较。结果:运动员由平原初上亚高原时,乳酸阈测试血乳酸浓度显著提升(P<0.05),最大摄氧量和红细胞浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。经过3周训练后,运动员的乳酸阈测试血乳酸浓度和最大摄氧量显著下降(P<0.05),全身总质量、上肢肌肉质量和下肢脂肪质量显著提升(P<0.05)。结论:由平原初上亚高原时,运动员乳酸阈能力和最大摄氧能力显著降低。3周亚高原训练后,运动员的乳酸阈能力和上肢肌肉水平显著提升,最大摄氧能力下降幅度明显。建议:在进行亚高原训练时,我国优秀青年越野滑雪运动员应当注重对心肺摄氧能力的训练,并且注意提升周平均高强度训练(high intensity training,HIT)训练总时间,以维持和提升最大摄氧能力。     

3周1550 m亚高原训练对优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员生理机能和身体成分影响研究

目的:探究3周海拔1550 m亚高原训练对优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员生理机能和身体成分的影响,并且提出针对性的备战训练建议。方法:国家越野滑雪集训队10名优秀青年男子越野滑雪运动员[年龄(18.7±1.5)岁,身高(78.5±5.8)cm,体质量(66.6±4.7)kg]在亚高原(海拔1550 m)进行3周训练,并在亚高原训练前后对运动员的生理机能和身体成分进行系列测试。使用重复方差分析对运动员数据进行自身比较。结果:运动员由平原初上亚高原时,乳酸阈测试血乳酸浓度显著提升(P<0.05),最大摄氧量和红细胞浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。经过3周训练后,运动员的乳酸阈测试血乳酸浓度和最大摄氧量显著下降(P<0.05),全身总质量、上肢肌肉质量和下肢脂肪质量显著提升(P<0.05)。结论:由平原初上亚高原时,运动员乳酸阈能力和最大摄氧能力显著降低。3周亚高原训练后,运动员的乳酸阈能力和上肢肌肉水平显著提升,最大摄氧能力下降幅度明显。建议:在进行亚高原训练时,我国优秀青年越野滑雪运动员应当注重对心肺摄氧能力的训练,并且注意提升周平均高强度训练(high intensity training,HIT)训练总时间,以维持和提升最大摄氧能力。     

冬训对场地短距离自行车运动员若干生理指标影响的研究

目的:以备战十三运会浙江省场地自行车短距离组运动员为研究对象,通过监控冬训前后各项生理指标,探讨和评价冬训引起自行车运动员专项能力及形态指标的变化规律,探寻科学化训练的有效性.方法:在冬训前后,对自行车运动员的最大摄氧量、无氧功、体成分进行监测分析,运用统计学的相关系数方法进行定量分析.结果:(1)冬训前后自行车运动员最大摄氧量、相对最大摄氧量几乎没有变化;(2)女子运动员最大无氧功、30s平均无氧功和体成分指标未见显著性差异而30s平均无氧功呈现显著性差异,但有较为明显的变化.结论:(1)有氧代谢能力的优劣并不是影响场地自行车短距离运动员专项成绩的主要因素,但对无氧训练后乳酸的消除起到积极的作用;(2)无氧代谢供能是影响场地自行车短距离运动员运动成绩的重要因素,峰值功率和30s平均功率评价运动员冬训训练效果是科学的;(3)体脂百分比下降,而瘦体重增加,对提高运动员专项成绩起到积极的作用.     

少年长跑运动员与一般儿童心肺机能的比较

正在发育的少年长跑运动员其最大摄氧量要比无训练的同龄儿童高20%—30%。但这些运动员的运动能力是否受最大摄氧量以及其它因素的限制,至今仍鲜为人知。芬兰学者S·桑德堡等人对少年长跑运动员(男性,12—16岁)和同龄的一般少年儿童进行了观察对比。他们将受试者分成两组:运动员组为34名长跑运动员,训练年限为2—5年。另一组为一般少年儿童组,56名。两组的身高与体重都无显著性差异,但运动员组的体脂百分比较低,安静时心率较低。年龄为16岁的少年,后两个指标两组有显著性差异。16岁的少年运动员其心容积的绝对值以及相对值(心容积与体表面积的比值)均大于一般儿童组。肺活量、时间肺活量以及最大通     

高校女生12min跑取代800m跑体能测试方法的可行性研究

目的：对最大摄氧量和氧脉搏同800m跑、12min跑成绩的相关性作探讨,以确定哪种方法更适合作为高校普通大学生体育课体能测试的评定方法。方法：研究对象为太原理工大学20名普通在读大二女生。运用意大利科时迈（COSMED）公司生产的quarkb2型运动心肺功能测试系统测得受试对象的最大摄氧量。在标准的400m田径场上分别测得受试对象12min跑和800m跑成绩。运用SPSS11.0统计软件对测试结果进行数据处理。结果：①女生12min跑成绩同最大摄氧量绝对值、最大摄氧量相对值和氧脉搏成低度正相关。②女生800m跑成绩同最大摄氧量绝对值、最大摄氧量相对值和氧脉搏成低度负相关。结论：12min跑比800m跑更适合用于评定高校普通大学女生有氧能力的体能测试方法。     

Strength training and power output: transference effects in the human quadriceps muscle

The effects of strength training of the quadriceps on peak power output during isokinetic cycling has been investigated in group of 17 young healthy volunteers. Subjects trained by lifting near-maximal loads on a leg extension machine for 12 weeks. Measurements of maximal voluntary isometric force were made at 2-3 week intervals and a continual record was kept of the weights lifted in training. Peak power output was measured at 110 rev min-1 and at either 70 or 80 rev min-1 before and after the 12 week training period. Measurements of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were made on 12 subjects before and after training. The greatest change was in the weights lifted in training which increased by 160-200%. This was accompanied by a much smaller increase in maximum isometric force (3-20%). There was no significant change in peak power output at either speed. The VO2max remained unchanged with training. The role of task specificity in training is discussed in relation to training regimes for power athletes and for rehabilitation of patients with muscle weakness.     

Effects of endurance training on transient oxygen uptake responses in cyclists

The aim of this study was to determine the alterations in oxygen uptake kinetics following endurance training in previously trained athletes. Sixteen competitive cyclists completed 8 weeks of supervised endurance cycle training. Ventilatory threshold, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), oxygen uptake kinetics and simulated 40-km time-trial tests were performed three times over a 4-week period before training, and then after 4 and 8 weeks of training. The protocol for measuring oxygen uptake kinetics consisted of three square-wave increments from unloaded cycling to a power output of 78 W followed by a single increment from 78 to 156 W. No significant differences in any variables were observed over the pre-training period. The ventilatory threshold and VO2max increased, and the time for 40 km decreased (P < 0.05) with training. Shorter VO2 time constants and lower heart rates were observed during the protocol for measuring oxygen uptake kinetics (same absolute power output) post-training. These results indicate that oxygen uptake kinetics may be improved with endurance training in previously trained athletes.     

Strength training and power output: Transference effects in the human quadriceps muscle

The effects of strength training of the quadriceps on peak power output during isokinetic cycling has been investigated in a group of 17 young healthy volunteers. Subjects trained by lifting near‐maximal loads on a leg extension machine for 12 weeks. Measurements of maximal voluntary isometric force were made at 2–3 week intervals and a continual record was kept of the weights lifted in training. Peak power output was measured at 110 rev min^–1 and at either 70 or 80 rev min^–1 before and after the 12 week training period. Measurements of maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max) were made on 12 subjects before and after training. The greatest change was in the weights lifted in training which increased by 160–200%. This was accompanied by a much smaller increase in maximum isometric force (3–20%). There was no significant change in peak power output at either speed. The VO₂max remained unchanged with training. The role of task specificity in training is discussed in relation to training regimes for power athletes and for rehabilitation of patients with muscle weakness.     

Comparison of different theoretical models estimating peak power output and maximal oxygen uptake in trained and elite triathletes and endurance cyclists in the velodrome

The aim of this study was to assess which of the equations that estimate peak power output and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in the velodrome adapt best to the measurements made by reference systems. Thirty-four endurance cyclists and triathletes performed one incremental test in the laboratory and two tests in the velodrome. Maximal oxygen uptake and peak power output were measured with an indirect calorimetry system in the laboratory and with the SRM training system in the velodrome. The peak power output and VO2max of the field test were estimated by means of different equations. The agreement between the estimated and the reference values was assessed with the Bland-Altman method. The equation of Olds et al. (1995) showed the best agreement with respect to the peak power output reference values, and that of McCole et al. (1990) was the only equation to show good agreement with respect to the VO2max reference values. The VO2max values showed a higher coefficient of determination with respect to maximal aerobic speed when they were expressed in relative terms. In conclusion, the equations of Olds et al. (1995) and McCole et al. (1990) were best at estimating peak power output and VO2max in the velodrome, respectively.     

大学生板鞋运动员身体形态及体能特征

调查男女大学生板鞋运动员身体形态及体能特征。受试者为大学生板鞋运动员18名(男、女各9名)。身体形态测定项目包括身高、体质量、腰围、臀围、WHR(腰围/臀围)、上臂围、大腿围、体脂肪率以及LBM等指标。体力测定包括最大无氧能力、最大吸氧量(VO2max)、血乳酸(La)、心率(HR)及运动成绩等指标。研究结果发现,大学生板鞋运动员的身体形态各指标的特征、最大血乳酸浓度、VO2max,与同年龄同性别的体育系大学生比较没有明显的差异。但是大学生板鞋运动员的无氧功率,与同年龄同性别的体育系大学生比较有明显的差异。大学生板鞋运动员的VO2max和最大无氧能力都存在性别的差异。以上结果表明,大学生板鞋运动以乳酸供能为主,建议采用最大无氧功率评定板鞋运动员的最大无氧能力,这对板鞋运动员的选材和专项运动能力的评定具有重要的意义。     

Maximal oxygen uptake versus maximal power output in children

Maximal oxygen uptake VO(2max)) is considered the optimal method to assess aerobic fitness. The measurement of VO(2max), however, requires special equipment and training. Maximal exercise testing with determination of maximal power output offers a more simple approach. This study explores the relationship between [Vdot]O(2max) and maximal power output in 247 children (139 boys and 108 girls) aged 7.9-11.1 years. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured by indirect calorimetry during a maximal ergometer exercise test with an initial workload of 30 W and 15 W x min(-1) increments. Maximal power output was also measured. A sample (n = 124) was used to calculate reference equations, which were then validated using another sample (n = 123). The linear reference equation for both sexes combined was: VO(2max) (ml x min(-1)) = 96 + 10.6 x maximal power + 3.5 . body mass. Using this reference equation, estimated VO(2max) per unit of body mass (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) calculated from maximal power correlated closely with the direct measurement of VO(2max) (r = 0.91, P <0.001). Bland-Altman analysis gave a mean limits of agreement of 0.2+/-2.9 (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) (1 s). Our results suggest that maximal power output serves as a good surrogate measurement for VO(2max) in population studies of children aged 8-11 years.     

Prediction of 2000 m indoor rowing performance using a 30 s sprint and maximal oxygen uptake

The aim of this study was to predict indoor rowing performance in 12 competitive female rowers (age 21.3 +/- 3.6 years, height 1.68 +/- 0.54 m, body mass 67.1 +/- 11.7 kg; mean +/- s) using a 30 s rowing sprint, maximal oxygen uptake and the blood lactate response to submaximal rowing. Blood lactate and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured during a discontinuous graded exercise test on a Concept II rowing ergometer incremented by 25 W for each 2 min stage; the highest VO2 measured during the test was recorded as VO2max (mean = 3.18 +/- 0.35 l.min-1). Peak power (380 +/- 63.2 W) and mean power (368 +/- 60.0 W) were determined using a modified Wingate test protocol on the Concept II rowing ergometer. Rowing performance was based on the results of the 2000 m indoor rowing championship in 1997 (466.8 +/- 12.3 s). Laboratory testing was performed within 3 weeks of the rowing championship. Submitting mean power (Power), the highest and lowest five consecutive sprint power outputs (Maximal and Minimal), percent fatigue in the sprint test (Fatigue), VO2max (l.min-1), VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1), VO2 at the lactate threshold, power at the lactate threshold (W), maximal lactate concentration, lactate threshold (percent VO2max) and VEmax (l.min-1) to a stepwise multiple regression analysis produced the following model to predict 2000 m rowing performance: Time2000 = -0.163 (Power) -14.213.(VO2max l.min-1) +0.738.(Fatigue) 7.259 (R2 = 0.96, standard error = 2.89). These results indicate that, in the women studied, 75.7% of the variation in 2000 m indoor rowing performance time was predicted by peak power in a rowing Wingate test, while VO2max and fatigue during the Wingate test explained an additional 12.1% and 8.2% of the variance, respectively.