Paralympic sport: an emerging area for research and consultancy in sports biomechanics

The Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of sport for many athletes with a disability. The overall purpose of this paper is to highlight the role that the field of sports biomechanics specifically (and sports science in general) may play in improving performance in various summer Paralympic sports through research and consultancy. To achieve this broad aim, this review provides some history and background on the Summer Paralympic Games, discusses the eligibility and classification rules, describes the potential for the constraints-led approach of dynamical systems theory to inform practice and research in this area, and reviews selected studies examining the biomechanics of the primary forms of Paralympic locomotion. Some recommendations on how sports biomechanics can help facilitate improvements in Paralympic athletic performance through applied research and consultancy are provided, along with commentary on what may be some of the most important issues addressing Paralympic sport.     

日本残疾人体育协会及其职能

日本是一个残疾人体育开展很好的国家。介绍了日本残疾人体育协会的发展过程、组织机构及其职能，以期对中国残疾人体育的发展有所启示。     

从近三届残奥会看我国残疾人竞技体育的可持续发展

采用文献分析、数理统计、专家访谈等方法,对近三届残奥会奖牌分布情况进行分析梳理。结果表明:我国残疾人竞技体育男女比例趋于"阴阳平衡",部分优势项目继续保持领先地位,潜优势项目有较大进步,集体项目仍是"短板",残疾人竞技体育地区发展不平衡。针对存在问题,提出我国残疾人竞技体育可持续发展应优化和完善举国体制、建立科学合理的训练体制、发达地区尝试部分残奥项目职业化、倡导竞技体育初步实现"残健融合"等对策建议。     

参加比取胜更重要--试论残疾人体育与残奥会

残疾人体育不是属于竞技体育的范畴。残疾人奥运会不是奥林匹克运动会的组成部分。这是本文作者的基本论点。为了说明这一论点，作者讨论了以下几个问题：什么是残疾人体育；残奥会的由来与发展；如何看待残奥会；展望2008年北京残奥会。     

Living with imperfect comparisons: The challenges and limitations of comparative paralympic sport policy research

In this article, the authors explores the challenges and limitations of conducting cross-comparative management/policy research in the Paralympic sporting domain. The comparative sport policy debate in able-bodied sport has emerged, in part, due to the increasing complexity, uncertainty, and competitive nature of high performance sport environments and a desire to understand why some countries are more successful than others at international sporting competition. The same issues and questions have also emerged within the Paralympic context. As a precursor to establishing a research agenda in this area, however, it was deemed important to begin to address the epistemological, methodological, and practical issues in comparative sport research. The analysis draws upon the broader sociological literature and examples from the Paralympic sporting context to identify and discuss the challenges and limitations of the comparative approach as well as recommendations for mitigating against them.     

后奥运时期中国体育体制变革走向

2008年北京奥运会后,中国体育体制的改革之路将面临着发展观念的大转变,即以奥运为核心的体育发展观向以人为本的体育发展观的转变,从竞技体育强国的目标指向向着体育大国的目标指向转变,从体育利益单一主体向社会化多元化发展观的转变,从渐进式自然发展观向“重点突破、全面推进”的系统发展观转变。发展重心的大转移,即体育工作重心将出现以群众体育为重点的战略大转移。竞赛体制的大变革,即体育体制改革将以机制改革为核心,以竞赛体制的变革为突破口,全面推进,从而构建以科学发展观为指导的、以人为本为核心的充满生机和活力的新型中国体育体制。     

奥运TOP 计划与中国企业介入策略

实践证明,中国残疾人举重队在雅典残奥会上获得5金4银6铜的优异成绩昭示了准备雅典残奥会的训练是成功的,技术是规范的、标准的、世界一流的。雅典残奥会举重比赛任务圆满完成,再次验证了中国残联实施科技攻关工作的重要意义,从此也开创了残疾人举重项目教练员、科技人员、运动员三位一体密切融合、衔接贯通、互为依托的科学化训练系统工程先河,将会为准备2008年残奥会提供极其有益的借鉴。     

残疾人奥林匹克运动中的运动科学研究

The vision of the International Paralympic Committee(IPC) is "To Enable Paralympic Athletes to Achieve Sport-ing Excellence and Inspire and Excite the World" .This ambi-tious vision remains the keystone to the success of the Para-lympic Games and IPC sanc…     

A qualitative study of the impact of the London 2012 Olympics on families in the East Midlands of England: lessons for sports development policy and practice

The dynamics and culture of families are central to individual and community sport and physical activity participation. This research project examined the lived experiences and day-to-day realities of the London 2012 Olympics from the perspectives of five families in the East Midlands region of England. The aims of the project were to assess the influence the Games had on shaping family sports participation, influencing social and health relationships within the families through sports and reactions to the 2012 Olympics. The study was conducted through the generation of rich qualitative data from pre- and post-Games interviews as well as production of video diary data by the families and young people themselves to gather micro-level information on the realities of ‘legacy’ for families. Findings from this research project illustrate that prior parental socialisation into sport shaped current attitudes to legacy and children and mothers and fathers had mixed reactions to the actual presence of legacy. There are also clear sports development challenges around accessibility, cost, project design, the non-family-friendly nature of some schemes present during the potential consumption of legacy that have consequences for future research in this embryonic area. Implications from the study include the need to locate the family as a more central concern for policy makers in sports development practice. The study has questioned the assumed virtuous legacy of the London 2012 Games from the perspective of families on a day-to-day micro-level. Instead, a far more complex and diverse picture from the perspective of the family has been presented that requires further critical research on this little explored topic of policy and practice in sports development.     

对标枪出手瞬间态势的力学分析

采用文献资料法收集有关统计数据，运用运动生物力学、空气动力学原理，对标枪出手瞬间态势进行了定量和定性分析，系统地阐述了诸多力学因子对成绩的影响以及它们之间的相互关系，对运动训练实践起到指导作用。笔者试通过文献资料法结合统计学、生物力学和空气动力学等知识对标枪出手瞬间态势的力学因子进行较系统全面的综合分析。以进一步提高人们对标枪项目的认识，以更好地指导运动训练的实践。     

第12 届雅典残奥会举重项目科技攻关研究

目的：探讨中等强度运动和大强度运动对大鼠海马CAⅠ区NOS表达的影响。方法：采用跑台训练方式，建立大鼠中等强度和大强度运动模型；运用免疫组织化学SABC法显示海马CAⅠ区NOS的表达。结果：在海马CAⅠ区锥体层和分子层内，可以明显观察到神经元胞浆内有nNOS、iNOS和eNOS阳性表达，分子层内部分神经元细胞核可见三者的阳性表达。三种NOS阳性表达均为中等强度运动组〉大强度运动组〉对照组，各组间均存在显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论：大强度运动促进了NOS在海马CAⅠ区的表达，而中等强度运动更为明显。推测不同强度运动大鼠NOS在海马CAⅠ区的表达与学习记忆能力及中枢疲劳的产生有关。     

冬残奥高山滑雪运动概述

高山滑雪作为“冬残奥”雪上项目的金牌大项,是我国备战2022年北京冬残奥会的重点突破方向。冬残奥高山滑雪项目因为竞赛规则、参与对象、场地特点、运动器材等的特殊性,决定了其具有不同于健全人高山滑雪的特点。了解冬残奥高山滑雪项目的发展历史及技术发展历程,研究冬残奥高山滑雪的场地及器材特点,有助于全面认识其项目发展规律。通过对坐姿高山滑雪技术研究现状的梳理,有助于未来在该项目的研究及技术发展上取得突破。     

社会经济的发展与竞技体育的相关分析

为了在量上更加明确经济与体育竞赛成绩的关系，分别以我国六大区域（华北、东北、华东、中南、西南、西北）为具体研究对象，采用文献资料调研、数理统计法、逻辑分析法，运用定量与定性相结合的分析手段，以2001年各区域国内生产总值（含第一、二、三产业）、农业人口、非农业人口、农民纯收入、科技投入、文体投入、教育投入、科技人员、教育程度（大学本科人数）、文体人员与九运会成绩为具体研究指标，通过研究和揭示经济以直接、间接等不同形式作用于体育事业，从而影响竞技体育与体育竞赛成绩，明确经济与体育竞赛成绩在量上的相互关系。     

‘One of the Worst Statistics in British Sport,and Wholly Unacceptable’: The Contribution of Privately Educated Members of Team GB to the Summer Olympic Games, 2000–2012

Much has been published on sport in Britain's private schools of the Victorian and Edwardian eras, but no research of modern policy, practice and outcomes has been conducted since the 1970s. Assessment of the contribution of these schools to Team GB at recent summer Olympic Games – and to international sport in general – by politicians, sports leaders and physical education lobbyists has thus largely been informed by speculation. Future government policy on physical education and sport in schools may therefore be influenced by flawed evidence. This article examines the schooling of all members of Team GB for the summer Olympic Games of 2000–2012, and compares the contribution of its privately educated and state-educated members in terms of performance in competition and medals won. Online research using the websites of schools, sports associations, governing bodies of sport, Olympic associations and the media, together with biographies of sportsmen and sportswomen, provided information about each team member's schooling, sporting background and Olympic record. The speculation was inaccurate – exaggerating the proportion of privately educated members of Team GB but underestimating their contribution.     

Qualitative biomechanical principles for application in coaching

Many aspects of human movements in sport can be readily understood by Newtonian rigid-body mechanics. Many of these laws and biomechanical principles, however, are counterintuitive to a lot of people. There are also several problems in the application of biomechanics to sports, so the application of biomechanics in the qualitative analysis of sport skills by many coaches has been limited. Biomechanics scholars have long been interested in developing principles that facilitate the qualitative application of biomechanics to improve movement performance and reduce the risk of injury. This paper summarizes the major North American efforts to establish a set of general biomechanical principles of movement, and illustrates how principles can be used to improve the application of biomechanics in the qualitative analysis of sport technique. A coach helping a player with a tennis serve is presented as an example. The standardization of terminology for biomechanical principles is proposed as an important first step in improving the application ofbiomechanics in sport. There is also a need for international cooperation and research on the effectiveness of applying biomechanical principles in the coaching of sport techniques.     

第13 届北京残奥会竞争实力分析及实力预测

通过文献资料、系统分析、经验预测法等方法，以2008年第13届残奥会所设的20大项472小项目为基准，分析参赛国在世界残疾人体育大赛（第10—12届残奥会、2006年或2007年各单项世界锦标赛）中的竞争实力，对2008年北京残奥会各项目进行竞争实力预测。     

The fiddle of using the Paralympic Games as a vehicle for expanding [dis]ability sport participation

Abstract

In this paper, we highlight the need to explore the excessive significance given to the Paralympic Games as a vehicle for the encouragement of participation of people with a disability within sport. The media spectacle around the games that the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has worked tirelessly to develop has become, for policy-makers and the public alike, a sufficient outlet for disability sport provision. The honourable goals of the IPC articulated through the ethos of Paralympism have been assumed to be valid for all people with a disability, yet in terms of widening participation, their utility is limited. This paper first illuminates the relationship between the International Olympic Committee and the IPC before we turn our attention to the ethos of Paralympism. Highlighting the necessity for ‘sport for all’, we use a human rights lens, aided by a capabilities approach to facilitate better ways to educate the public about the need for equality of access to sporting participation opportunities.     

危机与应对:新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下的中国体育叙事

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(以下简称"疫情")下的体育叙事,不仅要阐发疫情期间体育事件及其社会意义,更应揭示不同体育要素在社会发展中的功能与作用,将对体育现实问题的思考转化为未来体育转型的应对策略。基于叙事的角度,以访谈的方式,探讨体育产业发展、东京奥运会延期、体育组织治理、奥运备战、居家体育、体育在线教学、体育中考等热点事件和话题。认为:①疫情对体育产业的影响呈现持续性、结构性、社会性等特征,在"转危为机"的话语下,应借助政府的积极行为,实现体育行业与体育产业的多层次融合,增强对消费端的刺激,提高体育企业的抗风险能力,最大程度地释放后疫情时代体育产业发展动力;②东京奥运会延期举办凸显国际奥委会内部治理的困境与危机,引发对中国体育赛事治理效能的思考,给奥运备战带来挑战,促使运动训练由传统化模式向集群化工业模式转变;③空间重叠与权力空间渗透造就居家体育的特殊"脱域"空间,成为"家庭-学校-社区"体育互动发展的催化剂,引发体育教学、社区体育、群众体育活动方式的改变,形成自觉行为更高的群众体育"在地化"驱动模式;④在疫情防控期间,体育话语在不同语境中的表达、转型与辩驳为体育话语转为文化资源提供契机,促进文化与体育的互动与整合,深刻影响人们的体育观念。     

奥运会与残奥会工作的转换

对同一个国家,尤其同一个城市举办奥运会和残疾人奥运会两大赛事期间的工作转换问题进行了研究。研究认为:1)奥运会组委会应高度重视奥运会向残疾人奥运会的转换工作;2)残疾人奥运会具有其特殊性;3)残疾人奥运会规模的不断发展扩大为奥运会与残疾人奥运会之间工作顺利转换带来了巨大挑战;4)奥运会与残疾人奥运会之间的工作转换应遵守相应的规则;5)奥运会与残疾人奥运会之间的工作转换应突出无障碍设施和人文关怀。     

2010年广州亚运与岭南休闲体育文化融合传播研究

采用文献资料法、访谈法、综合分析法,从文化学、传播学、民俗学视角对2010年广州亚运与岭南休闲体育文化融合传播作出相应探讨与分析,了解历届亚运会主题口号对举办城市文化传播的影响,思考2010年广州亚运理念:"激情盛会,和谐亚洲",它将充分体现竞技体育与休闲体育文化完美结合,创建以休闲体育为核心的东方体育文化理念,打造广州亚运休闲体育盛会,将东道主岭南休闲体育文化传播亚洲,走向世界.